A Quick Note on "Iceberg Theory" or the "Theory of Omission" in Fiction Writing for the Novice Writer
by Ryker J. Phoenix
Ernest Hemingway, one of the most prominent writers of the 20th century, was known for his concise, minimalist writing style. He believed that the true meaning of a story lies beneath the surface, and that the key to effective storytelling is to leave much unsaid. This approach to writing is commonly referred to as the "Iceberg Theory" or the "Theory of Omission".
The Iceberg Theory is based on the idea that only a small portion of an iceberg is visible above the surface of the water, while the majority of it remains hidden below. Similarly, in writing, only a fraction of the story is explicitly stated, while the rest is implied or left to the reader's interpretation. Hemingway believed that by omitting details and allowing the reader to fill in the gaps, he could create a more powerful and resonant story.
In practice, this meant that Hemingway's writing was sparse and direct, with little to no excess verbiage. He avoided flowery language, adjectives, and adverbs, opting instead for short, declarative sentences and precise descriptions. He also preferred to show rather than tell, allowing the actions of his characters to reveal their thoughts and emotions.
The Iceberg Theory can be seen in many of Hemingway's works, including his early short stories such as "Hills Like White Elephants" and "The Killers", as well as his later novels like "The Old Man and the Sea". In "Hills Like White Elephants", for example, the true nature of the characters' conversation - which is about the possibility of getting an abortion - is never explicitly stated. Instead, it is hinted at through their dialogue and actions, leaving the reader to infer what is really going on.
Similarly, in "The Old Man and the Sea", Hemingway tells the story of an aging fisherman's struggle to catch a giant marlin. While the plot is relatively simple, the novel is packed with symbolism and metaphor, much of which is left for the reader to decipher. For example, the marlin itself can be seen as a representation of the human struggle against nature, while the old man's battle with the fish can be interpreted as a metaphor for the struggle of life itself.
Hemingway's Iceberg Theory had a profound impact on the way writers approached their craft. His emphasis on brevity, simplicity, and implication influenced a generation of writers, including Raymond Carver, Cormac McCarthy, and J.D. Salinger. Today, the Iceberg Theory remains a popular approach to storytelling, particularly in the realm of literary fiction.
In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway's Iceberg Theory, or Theory of Omission, is a writing philosophy that emphasizes the power of understatement and implication in storytelling. By leaving much unsaid and allowing the reader to fill in the gaps, Hemingway believed that he could create a more powerful and resonant story. His minimalist approach to writing had a profound impact on the world of literature, and his legacy continues to influence writers today.
