The Art of Using Flashbacks in Fiction: Enhancing Storytelling with Backstory

 

The Art of Using Flashbacks in Fiction: Enhancing Storytelling with Backstory

By Olivia Salter

In fiction writing, flashbacks are a powerful narrative device that allow authors to shift time and provide essential context for the main story. A flashback is a scene that takes place in the past, offering a glimpse into events that occurred before the current plotline. When used effectively, flashbacks can deepen character development, reveal key motivations, and illuminate important backstory that enhances the reader’s understanding of the present narrative. However, like any technique, flashbacks must be handled with care to avoid disrupting the flow of the story.

Why Use Flashbacks?

Flashbacks serve several important purposes in fiction:

1. Revealing Backstory: One of the most common reasons to include a flashback is to provide crucial backstory that shapes the present events. Instead of overwhelming the reader with exposition, a well-placed flashback allows you to show significant past moments that inform the current storyline. For example, a character’s childhood trauma or a pivotal relationship might be better explained through a flashback than through dialogue or internal monologue.

2. Developing Characters: Flashbacks offer insight into a character’s past experiences, helping to explain their motivations, fears, and behaviors in the present. For instance, a flashback could reveal why a character is distrustful of others or driven to seek revenge. By showing rather than telling, you can add emotional weight to a character’s actions and make their journey more relatable and understandable to readers.

3. Building Mystery and Suspense: Flashbacks can be a useful tool for building tension, especially in mysteries or thrillers. They allow the writer to withhold information and gradually reveal key details that explain a character’s decisions or clarify a plot twist. A flashback might reveal the truth behind a character’s hidden identity or the events leading up to a crime, adding layers of intrigue and suspense to the story.

4. Clarifying the Present: Sometimes, a current event in the narrative only makes sense when connected to a past moment. Flashbacks help bridge this gap by filling in the blanks, explaining how characters got to where they are now. This is especially useful in complex, nonlinear narratives where time jumps or fragmented storytelling require the reader to piece together different parts of the plot.

How to Incorporate Flashbacks Effectively

While flashbacks can enhance a story, they can also disrupt the flow if used haphazardly. Here are some key strategies for integrating flashbacks smoothly:

1. Ensure Relevance: Every flashback should serve a purpose and be relevant to the current narrative. If the information revealed in the flashback doesn’t move the story forward or provide necessary insight into the characters or plot, it may not be worth including. Always ask yourself if the flashback is adding value to the present storyline.

2. Use Clear Transitions: Shifting from the present to the past and back again can confuse readers if not handled carefully. Use clear transitions to signal when the flashback begins and ends, whether through a change in verb tense, visual cues in the scene, or a character’s memory. A seamless transition will help readers follow the shift in time without losing track of the main plot.

3. Keep It Concise: Flashbacks should generally be kept brief and focused. Long, drawn-out flashback sequences can drag the pacing of the story and pull readers out of the present action. Instead, aim to deliver just enough information to reveal the key context or backstory, then return to the main timeline. Shorter flashbacks are often more effective at maintaining tension and keeping the reader engaged.

4. Tie It to the Present: Flashbacks work best when they are triggered by something in the current story—a character’s memory, a conversation, or an object that sparks recollection. By linking the flashback to the present, you create a natural reason for the time shift and make the past feel immediately relevant to what’s happening now. This connection also helps to ground the reader in the character’s emotions and experiences.

Types of Flashbacks in Fiction

Flashbacks can be structured in various ways, depending on the needs of the story:

• Character-Driven Flashbacks: These flashbacks focus on a character’s personal history, providing insight into their emotional state or past relationships. For example, a character’s recurring memory of a lost loved one might explain their reluctance to form new attachments.
• Plot-Driven Flashbacks: In these flashbacks, key events from the past are revealed to shed light on the central conflict or mystery of the story. This type of flashback is common in thrillers, where the protagonist gradually uncovers the truth by revisiting past events.
• Dream or Hallucination Flashbacks: Some flashbacks take the form of dreams or hallucinations, blurring the line between memory and imagination. These can be especially effective in psychological fiction, where the character’s perception of reality may be unreliable.
• Flashback Sequences: Occasionally, a story may include a series of flashbacks, moving back and forth between different points in the past. This can create a layered narrative that reveals crucial information piece by piece, adding depth and complexity to the plot.

Pitfalls to Avoid with Flashbacks

While flashbacks can enhance your story, overusing them or placing them awkwardly can have negative effects. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

• Overloading the Story with Flashbacks: Too many flashbacks can interrupt the forward momentum of the plot and make it difficult for readers to stay engaged with the present action. Use them sparingly, reserving flashbacks for key moments that truly benefit from a look into the past.
• Inconsistency in Tone or Voice: The tone and voice of a flashback should match the overall style of your narrative. A sudden change in writing style or emotional tone can feel jarring to readers. Make sure your flashback scenes blend seamlessly with the rest of your story.
• Exposition Dumping: Flashbacks should be used to show important moments, not to unload excessive exposition. Avoid using flashbacks as a way to cram in too much background information at once, as this can slow down the pacing and overwhelm the reader.

Conclusion

Flashbacks are a versatile tool that can add richness to your fiction by providing important context, building suspense, and developing characters. When used skillfully, they offer a window into the past that illuminates the present, making your story more engaging and emotionally resonant. By ensuring your flashbacks are purposeful, well-placed, and connected to the main plot, you can use this technique to enhance your storytelling and give readers a deeper understanding of your characters and world.

Writing Craft: Backstory and Front-Story by Randy Ingermanson | Advanced Fiction Writing

 

Backstory and Front-Story

by Randy Ingermanson

Advanced Fiction Writing

Every character in your novel has a past, a present, and a future.

The future is fuzzy and out of focus, but your characters think they know what they want their future to be. 

The future that your protagonist wants is called the “story goal” for your novel, and it drives your story forward.

Your front-story is whatever is happening right now as your protagonist tries desperately to reach his or her story goal. 

The front-story is the reason your reader reads. Without a front-story, your novel is dead in the swamp. As much as possible, you need to always keep your front-story on center stage in your novel.

But your character has a past also—all the things that happened in their life that made them the person they are today. That past is called “backstory.”  

Backstory Matters

Backstory matters a lot. Nobody just walks onto the stage of you

r story without a past. Everybody carries baggage. The older you get, the more baggage you carry, unless you learn to let go. And nobody ever lets go of it all.

But backstory can be a story-killer. Reading a novel that begins with a huge lump of backstory is like going out on a first date and spending the whole time hearing about the other person’s miserable, horrible, no-good, very bad childhood. 

There’s a place for backstory. That place is not at the beginning of the story. At the beginning of the story, you want to be focusing on the front-story. The stuff that’s happening right now.

In Star Wars, we spend quite a lot of time getting to know Darth Vader before we ever learn that he’s Luke’s daddy. If we found that out in the first ten minutes, we wouldn’t care. Because we wouldn’t know Vader and we wouldn’t know Luke enough to care yet. But at the right place in the story, that little bit of backstory carries the force of a proton torpedo.

The Cardinal Rules of Backstory

So how do you know when to bring in backstory?

Here’s are two simple rules I use that guide me well most of the time:

• Bring in the backstory at exactly the point when the reader must know it in order to make sense of the scene I’m writing right now. 
• Tell only as much backstory as the reader needs to understand just this one scene.

These are not iron-clad rules. They’re useful rules of thumb. Use them when they improve your story. Ignore them when they don’t.

The TV series Lost used backstory heavily. Lost had a very large cast of characters, and it took many episodes to get to know them all. 

Typically, each episode highlighted just a few characters, and one or two of those would have a flashback that showed off some essential piece of backstory in their lives.

When I say “some essential piece of backstory,” I mean that piece is essential to understand the episode in which it appears.

Over the course of six seasons, we saw more and more backstory about each character, and understood them better and better.  

If you liked Lost, I suspect that part of the reason you liked it was that the backstory was strong. The backstory served the front-story.

Developing Your Backstory

There are two basic ways that novelists use to create their backstory:

• Figure it out before you need it
• Make it up as you need it

People who like to plan their novel before writing it (such as outliners or Snowflakers) usually figure out most of their backstory before they write their novel. Of course, during the process of writing the story, they’ll think up new bits of backstory and add that to whatever they started with.

People who like to write their novel without preplanning it (such as seat-of-the-pantsers and edit-as-you-go writers) usually make up backstory as they’re writing scenes. Then when the story is finished, they may need to do some work to make it all consistent and fill in any gaps. 

It really doesn’t matter which way you do things. Your brain is wired to favor one method over another, and I don’t recommend fighting the wiring in your brain. Work with your brain, not against it.

But however you prefer to work, I strongly recommend that you spend some time making sure your backstory is strong. It should be a reasonable explanation of how your character came to be the person they are. It should increase the conflict your character feels during the front-story.

Editing for Backstory

I also strongly recommend that when you edit the second draft of your novel, you should fire-test each chunk of backstory as it comes up in the story. Could you delay telling this bit of backstory until later in the story? Would that improve things? If the backstory is essential right now, could you tell less of it? Would that improve things?

The goal here is not “to get rid of all the backstory.” That would be like cutting off your nose to improve your smile.

The goal here is “to use the backstory to make the front-story as good as possible.”

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About The Author

Randy Ingermanson is a theoretical physicist and the award-winning author of six novels. He has taught at numerous writing conferences over the years and publishes the free monthly Advanced Fiction Writing E-zine.

 

 Randy Ingermanson Books at Amazon

 

More Advanced Fiction Writing

Writing Craft: Backstory and Front-Story | Advanced Fiction Writing

Craft: Backstory and Front-Story

by Randy Ingermanson

Advanced Fiction Writing

Every character in your novel has a past, a present, and a future.

The future is fuzzy and out of focus, but your characters think they know what they want their future to be. 

The future that your protagonist wants is called the “story goal” for your novel, and it drives your story forward.

Your front-story is whatever is happening right now as your protagonist tries desperately to reach his or her story goal. 

The front-story is the reason your reader reads. Without a front-story, your novel is dead in the swamp. As much as possible, you need to always keep your front-story on center stage in your novel.

But your character has a past also—all the things that happened in their life that made them the person they are today. That past is called “backstory.”  

Backstory Matters

Backstory matters a lot. Nobody just walks onto the stage of your story without a past. Everybody carries baggage. The older you get, the more baggage you carry, unless you learn to let go. And nobody ever lets go of it all.

But backstory can be a story-killer. Reading a novel that begins with a huge lump of backstory is like going out on a first date and spending the whole time hearing about the other person’s miserable, horrible, no-good, very bad childhood. 

There’s a place for backstory. That place is not at the beginning of the story. At the beginning of the story, you want to be focusing on the front-story. The stuff that’s happening right now.

In Star Wars, we spend quite a lot of time getting to know Darth Vader before we ever learn that he’s Luke’s daddy. If we found that out in the first ten minutes, we wouldn’t care. Because we wouldn’t know Vader and we wouldn’t know Luke enough to care yet. But at the right place in the story, that little bit of backstory carries the force of a proton torpedo.

The Cardinal Rules of Backstory

So how do you know when to bring in backstory?

Here’s are two simple rules I use that guide me well most of the time:

• Bring in the backstory at exactly the point when the reader must know it in order to make sense of the scene I’m writing right now. 
• Tell only as much backstory as the reader needs to understand just this one scene.

These are not iron-clad rules. They’re useful rules of thumb. Use them when they improve your story. Ignore them when they don’t.

The TV series Lost used backstory heavily. Lost had a very large cast of characters, and it took many episodes to get to know them all. 

Typically, each episode highlighted just a few characters, and one or two of those would have a flashback that showed off some essential piece of backstory in their lives.

When I say “some essential piece of backstory,” I mean that piece is essential to understand the episode in which it appears.

Over the course of six seasons, we saw more and more backstory about each character, and understood them better and better.  

If you liked Lost, I suspect that part of the reason you liked it was that the backstory was strong. The backstory served the front-story.

Developing Your Backstory

There are two basic ways that novelists use to create their backstory:

• Figure it out before you need it
• Make it up as you need it

People who like to plan their novel before writing it (such as outliners or Snowflakers) usually figure out most of their backstory before they write their novel. Of course, during the process of writing the story, they’ll think up new bits of backstory and add that to whatever they started with.

People who like to write their novel without preplanning it (such as seat-of-the-pantsers and edit-as-you-go writers) usually make up backstory as they’re writing scenes. Then when the story is finished, they may need to do some work to make it all consistent and fill in any gaps. 

It really doesn’t matter which way you do things. Your brain is wired to favor one method over another, and I don’t recommend fighting the wiring in your brain. Work with your brain, not against it.

But however you prefer to work, I strongly recommend that you spend some time making sure your backstory is strong. It should be a reasonable explanation of how your character came to be the person they are. It should increase the conflict your character feels during the front-story.

Editing for Backstory

I also strongly recommend that when you edit the second draft of your novel, you should fire-test each chunk of backstory as it comes up in the story. Could you delay telling this bit of backstory until later in the story? Would that improve things? If the backstory is essential right now, could you tell less of it? Would that improve things?

The goal here is not “to get rid of all the backstory.” That would be like cutting off your nose to improve your smile.

The goal here is “to use the backstory to make the front-story as good as possible.”

This article is reprinted by permission of the author.

---

About The Author

Randy Ingermanson is a theoretical physicist and the award-winning author of six novels. He has taught at numerous writing conferences over the years and publishes the free monthly Advanced Fiction Writing E-zine.

 

 Randy Ingermanson Books at Amazon

 

More Advanced Fiction Writing

Writing Craft: Just in Time Backstory by Randy Ingermanson ( Advanced Fiction Writing)

Writing Craft: Just in Time Backstory

 

 by Randy Ingermanson

Advanced Fiction Writing 

 

 

When you create your characters, you often do a lot of work to figure out their backstory—everything that happened to them before the story began.

The temptation is to tell the reader all that backstory as soon as you can. Because it’s super interesting to you, it’s easy to assume that it’s super interesting to your reader.

The problem is that your reader wants to get into the main story first, to get emotionally connected to your characters. Until your reader cares about the main story, he or she doesn’t care about your backstory. Backstory is incredibly important, but it’s like salt in the soup. A little goes a long way.

So how do you handle that? How much backstory should you tell? When should you tell it? What do you do with the backstory you never tell your reader?

To squeeze it all down to one critical question: How do you know how much backstory to write into the scene you’re working on right now?

My Rule of Thumb for Backstory

My working rule of thumb is to introduce backstory “just in time.” Meaning that when you’re writing a scene where the backstory plays a crucial role, you tell the reader whatever bit of backstory you need right when you need it. Just that and no more.

This is a rule of thumb, not an ironclad rule. Of course you’ll sometimes need to introduce backstory before you need it. But if you don’t need to, then don’t.

The reason for telling backstory just in time is that backstory tends to slow down your story. It’s a good idea to not slow it down any more than you have to.

An Example of Just in Time Backstory

A month or two ago, I read the novel The President is Missing, by James Patterson and Bill Clinton. I thought it would give me an inside look into the job of being President, and I was right. My working assumption here is that Patterson did all or most of the writing and Clinton provided the background info, which seems the most likely way they split out the duties of coauthoring situation. So in my analysis below, I’ll refer to Patterson as the writer, even though of course Clinton is a coauthor.

The protagonist of the book is President Jonathan Duncan. Cyberterrorists have targeted the US with a lethal computer virus that could bring the country to its knees. The President and eight of his closest advisors know the virus exists, and they’re desperate to prevent a catastrophe. The President also knows that one of the eight is a traitor, which makes his job even harder. He’s got to save the country and unmask the traitor, and he has two days. Congressional leaders aren’t in on the secret, so all they know is that the President is acting very weird and could possibly be committing treason.

I read the book a couple of times. The first to enjoy the story. The second to take it apart and see how it works. James Patterson is a wily author who uses every trick in the book to weave unexpected twists into his stories. I wanted to study his set of tricks.

On my second read through the book, I took note of Patterson’s careful handling of backstory. Very often, he brought it into a scene exactly when he needed it.

A nice example is the opening chapter, which begins with this bit of dialogue: “The House Select Committee will come to order …”

This is a very tricky scene to get right. The author has to introduce the protagonist, President Duncan, make it clear that he is genuinely the good guy in this story, and introduce the predatory congress-critters who are out to get the President. All from a cold start in which the reader knows nothing about the President, his congressional opposition, or the cyberthreat facing the country.

This scene could very easily be a boring encyclopedia article on how a congressional investigation goes. But it isn’t. It’s a reasonably fast-paced scene that puts our hero in danger immediately, without confusing the reader. How does Patterson make this scene work?

He does it by mixing in action, dialogue, and carefully measured-out bits of backstory.

The first paragraph is the snip of dialogue I already quoted above.

Then comes a paragraph of interior monologue about the sharks on the House Select Committee and the President’s fears in dealing with them.

Then three quick paragraphs of backstory, direct quotes from the previous night, when the President’s chief of staff urged him not to testify. This counts as backstory, but it’s told as dialogue—essentially a mini-flashback.

Then there’s a paragraph showing us what the President sees, thirteen angry congressmen. The paragraph zooms in on the nameplate of the chairman, Lester Rhodes.

Then there’s a paragraph of backstory about Rhodes, explaining why he’s so dangerous to the President. This is told as interior monologue, so it’s in the President’s voice, and it’s told in a way that makes you empathize with the President. You don’t have to be told the President is the good guy of this story, because you feel it.

Then there’s another paragraph of action. The President adjusts his mike so he won’t have to lean forward. He’s paying attention to his body language, doing everything he can to avoid looking weak. This is the sort of thing that real presidents have to think about.

Next is a paragraph of interior monologue. The President is prepping to be grilled.

The scene continues like that for the rest of the chapter. There’s a bit of action/dialogue/interior monologue. Then there’s a bit of backstory to explain what the heck is happening.

This could easily go wrong, and there are two ways to fail:

• Show too much action and dialogue, without enough backstory to understand what’s happening. This fails by confusing the reader.
• Tell too much backstory, without enough action and dialogue to keep the story moving. This fails by boring the reader.

There’s a fine line you have to walk in this kind of scene. I’ve read the scene several times, and my judgment is that Patterson nailed it. The scene is quite long, but it’s compelling and reasonably clear at all points. And it ends with a cliffhanger that forces you to turn the page.

In such a complex first scene, I don’t see any way to do it better.

Breaking the Rule of Thumb

For most of the story, Patterson follows our rule of thumb very closely. He introduces backstory just in time. But there are certain points at which he doesn’t. There are a few places where he gives you a bit of backstory for no obvious reason.

But there is a reason. If you read the book, be watching for those apparently unnecessary bits of backstory. Some of them are clues that will turn into major surprises a hundred pages down the road. Or two hundred pages.

Not all of them are clues. But some of them are. A good author seeds in clues far in advance of the surprise. Then the reader doesn’t feel cheated when he realizes he’s been misled. Because the clues were there.

A big part of the art of writing major plot twists is seeding in clues to plot twists a long time in advance, often using what appears to be innocent backstory.

I’m not in the business of spoiling other authors’ plot twists, so I won’t give examples of just how Patterson worked his magic with his plot twists. But study how Patterson hides his clues in the backstory, doing his best to make you slap your head when you reach the twist and say, “Dang! I should have seen that coming!”

And if you’re observant, you will see it coming and you can bask in the glow of your own cleverness—until you hit the next twist that you didn’t foresee.

Enjoy the Ride

You may or may not buy into the idea that a supervirus can infect machines running a wide variety of operating systems—Mac OS, Windows, Linux, and numerous other flavors of Unix. But whether you do or not, you can enjoy the story and learn from the master. This is a political thriller, not a technothriller.

Have fun!

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About The Author

Randy Ingermanson is a theoretical physicist and the award-winning author of six novels. He has taught at numerous writing conferences over the years and publishes the free monthly Advanced Fiction Writing E-zine.

 

 Randy Ingermanson Books at Amazon

 

More Advanced Fiction Writing