The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights (Narrative 3) By Olivia Salter | CHAPTER 7

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Narrative 3)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 7

Technique of Narration 

Narration Methods: The Ordinary vs. The Extraordinary, Vividness, Suspense, and Focus

Once a writer has developed a solid plot and fully understood their concept, writing the story becomes much easier. The real challenge isn’t in writing the story—it’s in writing it well. Simply getting the story down can be straightforward. However, crafting it with precision and impact is where the difficulty lies. Writing for storytelling is easy, but writing with artistry and power is hard work.

This guide focuses specifically on storytelling techniques, not on general writing. While I’ll mention the importance of vivid narration to emphasize key events, I won’t dive into the mechanics of vivid writing itself. That’s a broader subject you’ll find in guides on writing style or rhetoric. In fiction, we emphasize the big moments through vivid details or expansion, and that’s a principle every writer can grasp. The actual execution, however, depends on constant practice and the individual writer’s ability.

The first part of this chapter focused on narration style and mode. This section will cover other key aspects like character development, pacing, and transitions. It’s about how to structure a chain of events in a story. The technicalities of writing and description can be found in style guides, but here we’re diving into the heart of fiction storytelling.

Method

The way you narrate a story is influenced by your writing style, but the two are not the same. Style impacts narration, but they are distinct elements. There are two kinds of incidents we encounter in life, and likewise, two types of stories: the ordinary and the extraordinary. Both types can make for compelling narratives, depending on how they are told and constructed.

For a story about ordinary life—the mundane, everyday details—the approach is simple. The writer can just set down a series of events, and because these events are universally relatable, they’re plausible. Readers recognize the small, familiar incidents and accept the story. In these cases, it’s best to keep the language straightforward and avoid overly elaborate or “literary” writing.

Writing about the extraordinary, however, is a different challenge. The goal remains the same: to make the story plausible. But the method of achieving that plausibility is far more complex.

One method is to frame the strange events through familiar contexts. Writers like Daniel Defoe often use this technique. By grounding the unusual in recognizable details, the reader is more likely to accept the bizarre elements of the story. This technique requires skill, balance, and space for weaving familiar details into the unfamiliar narrative.

Another method relies on vividness. Here, the writer uses strong, precise language to make even the most outlandish events feel real. The vividness of the description becomes so powerful that the reader accepts it without question. This is the method of writers like Stevenson and Kipling. They present events so clearly and dynamically that the reader is swept up in the action, no matter how strange it might be. To succeed in this approach, a writer needs both imagination and technical skill. It’s about more than selecting the right words; it’s about making those words feel alive.

This method works for both ordinary and extraordinary stories, though it’s especially effective in tales where events are the focus. The key to making any story believable—whether ordinary or bizarre—is through either grounding it in the familiar or making the unfamiliar feel real through vivid description.

Suspense

Suspense is often misunderstood as a technical device. In truth, suspense is the result of well-crafted storytelling. It’s not a gimmick but a natural outcome of a compelling story with characters that feel real. If the reader cares about what’s happening and wants to know what comes next, you’ve succeeded in creating suspense. No special trick will achieve this; it’s about building the story carefully and logically. At best, suspense can be enhanced by structuring events in a way that gradually builds toward a climax.

Emphasis and Suppression

A story is made up of both major and minor events. The key is to emphasize the important moments and underplay the less significant ones. You can’t give every event the same level of detail; the story’s impact depends on highlighting the crucial parts. Important events should be described in detail, while minor ones are best glossed over or mentioned briefly.

This balance of emphasis and suppression is essential for pacing. For example, a love scene might require detailed narration to build emotional tension. A brief but pivotal action, like a punch or a sudden decision, may not require many words, but those words need to be powerful and vivid.

The main events should take up most of the story’s space. Writing these scenes should be a natural process, as you are merely describing what happens. But when it comes to the secondary events and transitions—the glue that holds the story together—the process becomes more calculated. These parts need to be handled swiftly and without excess detail, serving only to move the story forward.

Transition

Transitions are essential for moving characters from one event to the next and for maintaining the flow of the story. But they should be brief and unobtrusive. The writer’s job here is to get from one scene to the next smoothly and quickly, without bogging the story down with unnecessary detail. Transitional passages should be handled efficiently to avoid losing the reader’s interest.

Blending the Elements

A story consists of action, dialogue, and description, and balancing these elements is key to a well-crafted narrative. Ideally, action, conversation, and descriptive touches should be interwoven throughout the story rather than presented in large, unwieldy blocks. This variety keeps the reader engaged and gives the story a more lifelike feel.

Though each story is unique and may require different balances, the goal is always to maintain a texture that feels dynamic and engaging. Readers tire of too much of the same, so mixing action with dialogue and description creates a more interesting and believable world.

In summary, the executive technique of narration is about managing pacing, balancing detail, and blending elements to keep the story engaging and the reader invested. The most important events need vivid, detailed focus, while the secondary events and transitions should be handled with efficiency and brevity. Through practice, a writer can master these techniques to craft stories that feel alive and compelling.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights (Narrative 2) By Olivia Salter | CHAPTER 6

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Narrative 2)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 6

Narrative Techniques: An Overview

Choosing the Narrative Mode 

When crafting a story, the writer must carefully decide how to express it. The primary considerations involve selecting the narrative mode and style best suited to the narrative's needs. These decisions are foundational elements of effective storytelling.

Narrative Modes 

The choice of how to tell the story goes beyond simply deciding between first-person or third-person perspectives. Each mode offers various nuances, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The selected method should align closely with the specific demands of the story.

First-Person Narration 

In first-person narration, the story is typically told by a central character. However, variations exist, such as shifting the narrative to a less central character who can provide broader insights into the story. This approach allows the author to convey information beyond what a primary character might know, enriching the narrative.

The advantage of first-person narration lies in its relatability; readers often connect with a singular perspective, mirroring their own experiences. It can also facilitate a smoother introduction of essential background information through a character's voice, making it more engaging than a detached third-person account.

However, this mode also presents challenges. If the narrator's qualities are overly emphasized, it can lead to reader fatigue. Complex plots can be difficult to navigate in the first person, especially if events are non-linear. Moreover, a first-person narrator lacks omniscience, which can limit the depth of the story.

Third-Person Narration 

Third-person narration offers a more objective viewpoint, allowing for greater flexibility in storytelling. The narrator can present an omniscient perspective, knowing all characters' thoughts and actions. This approach is particularly effective for stories with multiple characters and intricate plots.

Yet, the challenge lies in avoiding artificiality. Overly detailed exposition can detract from the story's authenticity. A more effective strategy might be to adopt an omniscient viewpoint for the events while limiting insight into the characters' inner lives, striking a balance between objectivity and depth.

Length Considerations 

The narrative mode can impact the story's length. A more expansive viewpoint may inadvertently lead to unnecessary elaboration, while a focused narrative can encourage brevity and clarity. Each story has unique requirements, and the chosen mode should reflect those specifics.

In short stories, maintaining a consistent narrative point of view is crucial for dramatic impact. In contrast, novels often afford more flexibility, allowing for shifts in perspective as long as they are clear to the reader. Notably, the effective handling of viewpoint shifts can enhance clarity and engagement.

Authorial Attitude and Style  

An author’s attitude toward their characters significantly influences the narrative's tone. The mode of narration should align with the author’s feelings, whether sympathetic or critical. This alignment helps evoke the desired emotional response from the reader.

Style, often seen as a byproduct of storytelling, should complement the narrative's content. While different stories may call for distinct styles, maintaining coherence between style and subject matter is essential. For instance, action-driven stories benefit from straightforward, vivid language, while character-focused narratives may require more nuanced expression.

Ultimately, successful storytelling involves a careful balance of narrative techniques, authorial perspective, and stylistic choices. Each element contributes to creating a cohesive and engaging literary work. By understanding the implications of these choices, writers can enhance their storytelling prowess and resonate more deeply with their audience.

Emphasizing Narrative Structure 

In addition to the narrative mode and style, the structure of the story itself plays a crucial role in engaging readers. A well-structured narrative guides the audience through the plot, providing a clear arc that maintains interest and builds tension. The classic structure often includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Each of these components must be carefully crafted to ensure that the story flows logically and keeps the reader invested.

Pacing and Timing  

Pacing is another essential element in narrative technique. The rhythm of the story can vary significantly based on the events being depicted. Fast-paced scenes, often found in action-driven narratives, require concise sentences and quick transitions to maintain momentum. Conversely, slower-paced sections, typically focused on character development or atmosphere, may allow for longer, more reflective passages. Balancing these elements is key to creating an engaging reading experience that holds the audience's attention throughout.

Character Development  

Character development is integral to storytelling, and the chosen narrative mode influences how characters are portrayed. In first-person narratives, readers can gain intimate insights into the narrator's thoughts and feelings, fostering a deeper connection. In third-person narratives, character development may be achieved through actions, dialogue, and the perspectives of other characters. Writers must consider how to effectively reveal character traits and motivations, ensuring that they align with the overall tone and style of the narrative.

World-Building 

For many stories, particularly in genres like fantasy or science fiction, world-building is vital. The narrative mode can shape how the world is presented to the reader. First-person narrators may offer a subjective view of their surroundings, providing personal impressions and emotional responses. In contrast, third-person narration can provide a broader overview of the world, allowing for more detailed descriptions and context. Effective world-building immerses readers in the story, making it feel real and relatable.

Theme and Message  

Every story conveys themes and messages, whether overtly or subtly. The choice of narrative mode can influence how these themes are communicated. A first-person narrative might explore personal themes of identity and self-discovery directly through the character's experiences. In contrast, a third-person perspective can allow for a broader exploration of societal issues, presenting multiple viewpoints that enrich the narrative's thematic depth.

Reader Engagement 

Ultimately, a successful narrative engages readers on multiple levels—emotionally, intellectually, and aesthetically. Writers should continually ask themselves how their choices in narrative mode, structure, pacing, character development, and world-building contribute to the reader's experience. Engaging storytelling resonates with readers, leaving a lasting impact and encouraging them to reflect on the themes presented.

Conclusion 

In modern storytelling, the art of narration encompasses a dynamic interplay of various techniques and considerations. Writers must navigate the complexities of narrative modes, styles, pacing, and character development to create compelling stories that captivate audiences. By thoughtfully selecting and applying these techniques, authors can craft narratives that not only entertain but also provoke thought and evoke emotion, thereby achieving the ultimate goal of storytelling. Through practice and exploration, writers can hone their craft, continually developing their unique voice and perspective within the literary landscape.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights | Narrative | Chapter 5

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Narrative)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 5

Approachs to Narrative Construction

Key Elements: Importance, Plot and Setting, Spiritual Significance, Event Sequence, Introduction, Major and Minor Events, Climax, Natural Flow, Conclusion, Preparation, Proportion, General Insights.

A story unfolds through the actions of specific characters in distinct settings and circumstances. At its core, narration encompasses character exploration, scene description, and atmospheric creation. While these elements are crucial, they warrant separate discussion. Here, I aim to explore the foundational techniques of crafting a narrative—how to strategically plan and develop the sequence of events before writing. This process is more about constructing a framework than executing the writing itself, and it should be thoughtfully addressed prior to putting pen to paper.

Much of fiction writing revolves around conception and structure. Once a story is clearly outlined in the writer's mind, articulating it becomes a relatively straightforward task for those proficient in language and storytelling. While the outcome may not reach the heights of a masterpiece, it can still embody essential qualities that resonate with readers. The challenge arises when writers attempt to express an underdeveloped idea, forcing them to juggle both construction and language simultaneously, each demanding focused attention. Many writers successfully navigate the structural aspect but often neglect the literary finesse required for perfect expression. This imbalance reveals that while construction can be learned, the artistry of language remains elusive to many. Beginners should view their initial drafts as exploratory tools to aid in development.

Sequence of Events

In previous discussions about plot and setting, the importance of structural technique was emphasized. A plot is not merely a sequence of climactic events; it represents a human struggle or conflict expressed through these events. Countless characters and incidents can be created to convey a single fundamental plot idea. Once a plot is established, the writer must clearly identify the underlying human conflict and select the characters and incidents that will most effectively express the story's essence. It’s common for a story to come to mind as a series of events, but the first arrangement is rarely the most effective. Writers have an infinite array of characters and events at their disposal, and should manipulate these elements to achieve the most impactful expression of their plot.

To master the art of storytelling, writers must embrace the technique of construction before diving into the writing process. A story transcends mere physical events; each action and situation is meaningful because of its connection to the characters' personalities and emotions. The narrative's fabric consists not just of events but also of the psychological threads that link them, creating a cohesive story. A narrative is as much about spiritual values as it is about physical actions, requiring writers to consider how to effectively convey these deeper meanings. Many potentially compelling stories have faltered because writers failed to recognize that the main events need sufficient nuance and character development to resonate with readers.

The writer's first task, once a bare story is conceived, is to determine the order of both major and minor events. The arrangement of significant happenings should build excitement and maintain the reader’s interest. Long, aimless introductions often stem from a lack of clarity about the story's direction and should be avoided. Writers should begin by clarifying their story's essence, then find the most engaging way to launch it. Techniques for starting a story might include striking incidents, vivid descriptions of setting or character, or philosophical reflections that hint at the tale's nature. Each story is unique, and while categorizing different opening styles may be tempting, it's often more beneficial to explore them through reading rather than theory.

Writers should not force their stories to start with a bang at the expense of authenticity. The goal is to engage a thoughtful reader, not simply to shock or thrill them. If a story's content does not lend itself to an immediate, exciting start, it should not be distorted to fit that mold. Writers who chase trends may find more success by allowing their stories to unfold naturally, thereby sparing readers from inferior narratives. However, it’s always wise to explore whether a story can begin dynamically before opting for a more gradual approach.

The complexity of a plot directly influences how its elements are arranged. Simple stories often flow chronologically with ease, while intricate narratives require careful structuring. In straightforward tales, most events carry primary significance, contributing directly to the story's climax. In contrast, complex plots contain numerous minor events serving to enrich the primary actions and enhance character development. While secondary events may not hold as much intrinsic value, they are crucial for establishing context and depth. The writer's challenge is to organize primary events to escalate tension and interest while ensuring minor events naturally support and enhance the main narrative.

Each story is distinctive, and while specific guidelines for event ordering are limited, two main principles apply: the story must be told effectively and plausibly. The writer must elaborate on primary events while developing characters through secondary actions, preparing the reader for each successive major event. Additionally, events must flow cohesively, adhering to the principles of life and art. Achieving this harmony requires significant skill and practice, which is why proficient writers are rare.

The story itself typically guides the sequence of its primary events, while secondary events are more flexible, allowing the writer to creatively arrange them for maximum impact. These minor events serve as the connective tissue of the narrative; neglecting them can weaken an otherwise strong concept. While they don't need extensive elaboration, they should be strategically organized to ensure a smooth transition between major events, making the writer’s task of ordering them a crucial focus. No strict rules govern this process, but understanding its importance can help writers avoid premature conclusions about their story's readiness.

The overarching philosophy of event ordering can be summarized as follows: when arranging primary events, prioritize climactic necessity; for secondary events, focus on achieving natural flow and plausibility. Art elevates life, and the artist's challenge is to depict this phase of life with simplicity and clarity while maintaining a connection to reality.

Secondary events play essential roles in preparing major plot points and developing character. For instance, in a love story, an initial encounter between characters lays the groundwork for future romantic developments. Similarly, in Jack London's "The Sea Wolf," various episodes showcase the protagonist's ruthlessness, contributing to a profound understanding of his character. Writers should aim to make each incident serve multiple purposes, enhancing the story's cohesion and interest. It’s wise to avoid settling for initial ideas regarding secondary events, instead seeking opportunities for reorganization and refinement.

Interestingly, many contemporary stories thrive on familiar plots and situations, finding value in how writers manage secondary events. By creatively varying these minor elements, a seemingly common theme—such as a love triangle—can be explored countless times without losing appeal. The authenticity and engagement of a narrative largely stem from the thoughtful selection and arrangement of these secondary events, as they significantly influence reader interest. While a compelling plot provides a skeleton, the minor events flesh it out, making the narrative come alive.

The primary focus when beginning a story should be to capture interest, while the conclusion must be definitive. A story is a fictional narrative with a plot, and a plot is a sequence of events culminating in a significant ending. A writer who has identified a genuine plot will naturally conclude the narrative without unnecessary detours. A lack of a well-defined plot often leads to stories that falter to a lackluster finish, rather than achieving a satisfying resolution. Once the climax has been reached, the story must conclude decisively, unless characters are drawn into a new chain of significant events.

In summary, a story consists of a progression of major and minor events. The narrative primarily dictates the order of its main events, which should be arranged climactically. The writer has greater control over secondary events, which should be organized to enhance realism and serve clear purposes, ideally performing multiple functions.

Preparation

Writers should engage in two types of preparation when crafting their stories. The first is practical, addressing the physical requirements of the narrative. For example, if a character needs to be found in a specific location, the writer must ensure this placement is clear. This preparation is straightforward but requires careful attention, especially in more complex stories.

The second type of preparation is more nuanced, focusing on the need to bring characters to life and ensure that significant situations resonate with readers. While there are three primary story types—character-driven, incident-driven, or atmosphere-driven—most narratives emphasize the interplay between characters and events. The significance of any plot idea hinges on the human experiences within it. Therefore, characters must be fully realized to enhance the emotional impact of the story.

It’s common for novice writers to conceive a strong plot idea but struggle to develop it adequately. This often occurs because significant plots present humanly relevant situations, leading writers to believe they only need to outline these scenarios. However, outlining alone won't evoke the emotional response fiction demands; events must involve relatable characters. A mere newspaper headline about a tragedy lacks the emotional weight required to engage a reader. To truly connect, a character must be portrayed in a way that makes their journey feel real and impactful.

Achieving individuality and liveliness in characters is essential for verisimilitude and engagement. Just as events must be depicted with detail, characters need similar attention to make the narrative believable. Developing character depth is a structural challenge; writers must skillfully order major events while crafting secondary events that naturally build character and context. While various techniques exist to enliven characters beyond direct description, relying solely on one method yields limited results.

As seen in "The Sea Wolf," the construction of secondary events is crucial for developing memorable characters. The writer must ensure that character development is woven seamlessly into the narrative structure, enhancing the overall story impact. A compelling plot is only as strong as its characters, and readers must perceive both as authentic and interconnected. Ultimately, the writer's goal is to portray a believable phase of life, giving equal consideration to both characters and their actions.

Proportion

When planning a story, maintaining proportion is a vital tool for achieving realism. Proportion refers to the appropriate allocation of space and length to events. Just as events in life vary in duration, a narrative should reflect this variance. For instance, a love scene typically unfolds over a longer span than a murder, which occurs in a single intense moment.

While main events naturally require a specific level of detail, secondary events operate on a different plane. For example, if a character must travel from one city to another as part of the story, the details of that journey should be concise, allowing for the focus to remain on significant actions. Writers should not feel compelled to narrate every moment in detail; instead, they should use broader strokes for transitional events, avoiding unnecessary elaboration that could dilute suspense and engagement.

Understanding the relative importance of each story element helps writers distribute their focus effectively. In short stories, proportion is especially critical, as space is limited. Writers must be judicious with their words, ensuring that each event is given appropriate weight. In longer works, disproportion may be less apparent but can still affect the overall impact of the narrative.

General Insights

When brainstorming story ideas, writers should prioritize the intrinsic value of each concept. Once a theme or plot is selected, it’s essential to shift perspective and evaluate the narrative as a reader would. Readers rely solely on the writer's words, so recognizing this can help writers ensure their construction is thorough and engaging. Any essential elements omitted or neglected may result in a lackluster story, while irrelevant details can obscure the main narrative.

Careful construction and elaboration of the initial idea are crucial for allowing the writer to focus on the challenging task of execution. Writers should adopt a reader's mindset to discern what aspects require development and what can be left out. This approach fosters a more compelling and cohesive narrative, ultimately enhancing the reader’s experience.

Developing Characters and Themes

As writers construct their narratives, the development of characters and themes becomes paramount. Characters must not only serve the plot but also embody the thematic elements that drive the story forward. Each character should have distinct motivations, backgrounds, and personalities that influence their actions and decisions within the narrative framework. This depth allows readers to connect with the characters on a personal level, making their journey more impactful.

To effectively develop characters, writers should consider their emotional arcs. How do characters grow or change throughout the story? What challenges do they face, and how do these challenges shape their identities? By mapping out a character's journey alongside the plot, writers can ensure that character development feels organic and integral to the narrative. 

Writers should also explore the relationships between characters, as these dynamics can significantly enhance the story's emotional resonance. Interactions between characters can reveal their values, fears, and desires, providing insight into their motivations. Strong character relationships can drive conflict, create tension, and ultimately propel the plot forward. 

Thematic Cohesion

In addition to character development, maintaining thematic cohesion is crucial for creating a lasting impact. A well-crafted story often explores universal themes—love, loss, identity, conflict, or redemption—that resonate with readers. Writers should identify the central theme or themes of their narrative early in the planning process and weave these elements throughout the story.

To achieve thematic cohesion, each character, event, and setting should contribute to the overall message or exploration of the theme. This can be accomplished through symbolism, motifs, and recurring imagery that reinforce the narrative's central ideas. Thematic elements should not feel forced or contrived; rather, they should emerge naturally from the characters' experiences and the unfolding plot.

Balancing Action and Reflection

While action drives the plot, moments of reflection are equally important for character development and thematic exploration. These reflective moments allow characters to process their experiences, grapple with their emotions, and make sense of their journeys. Incorporating these pauses gives readers insight into characters' inner lives and adds depth to the narrative.

Striking a balance between action and reflection is essential. Too much action can lead to a superficial understanding of characters and themes, while excessive reflection may slow the pace and detract from the story's momentum. Writers should carefully consider when to allow characters to pause and reflect, ensuring these moments are strategically placed to enhance emotional engagement without disrupting the flow of the narrative.

Crafting Dialogue

Dialogue is a vital tool for character development and advancing the plot. Through dialogue, characters reveal their personalities, motivations, and relationships with others. Authentic dialogue should sound natural, reflecting the unique voices of each character while also serving the story's pacing and tone.

Writers should pay attention to how characters speak based on their backgrounds, experiences, and emotional states. The choice of words, sentence structure, and even pauses can convey a wealth of information about a character's personality. Additionally, subtext—what is left unsaid—can add layers of meaning to dialogue, allowing readers to infer deeper emotions and conflicts.

Effective dialogue also propels the plot by revealing critical information, advancing conflict, and establishing relationships. Writers should ensure that conversations feel purposeful and contribute to the overall narrative arc. Each exchange should have a clear function, whether it’s to build tension, provide exposition, or deepen character connections.

The Writer's Journey

Ultimately, the process of crafting a compelling narrative is a journey that requires patience, creativity, and dedication. Writers must be willing to explore their ideas fully, engage deeply with their characters, and remain open to revision and refinement. The initial draft serves as a foundation, but the true artistry emerges during the editing process, where writers can hone their voices and strengthen their narratives.

By embracing the principles of narrative construction—character development, thematic cohesion, action-reflection balance, and authentic dialogue—writers can create stories that resonate with readers and stand the test of time. Each narrative is a unique expression of the human experience, and through thoughtful construction, writers can illuminate the complexities of life, offering readers a window into different perspectives and emotions.

As you embark on your writing journey, remember to trust your instincts, seek feedback, and continually refine your craft. The art of storytelling is a lifelong pursuit, and each story you tell contributes to your growth as a writer and your understanding of the world around you.

NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR FICTION WRITERS

Point of View: Choosing Your Narrative Voice

When crafting a story, writers must decide how to tell it most effectively. This involves selecting a point of view (POV) and developing an appropriate writing style. While these decisions are made early on, they're crucial elements of the storytelling process.

First-Person Narration

Advantages:

• Creates a sense of immediacy and intimacy 
• Can feel more authentic and relatable
• Useful for revealing character thoughts/motivations
• Can make exposition feel more natural

Disadvantages:

• Limits perspective to what narrator knows
• Can be challenging for complex plots
• May feel repetitive ("I did this, I did that")
• Difficult to highlight narrator's positive traits without seeming boastful

Third-Person Narration  

Advantages:

• Allows for multiple character perspectives
• Provides more flexibility in revealing information
• Can create emotional distance when needed
• Easier to handle complex plots and timelines

Disadvantages:

• May feel less intimate or immediate
• Can be harder to build connection with characters
• Requires skill to avoid "head-hopping" between perspectives

Choosing Your Approach

Consider your story's needs:

• How much information does the reader need? 
• Whose perspective is most compelling?
• What level of intimacy do you want with characters?
• How complex is your plot?

You're not limited to a single POV. Options include:

• Multiple first-person narrators
• Third-person limited (following one or a few characters closely)
• Third-person omniscient (all-knowing narrator)
• Mixing techniques for different sections

Remember:

• Maintain consistency unless shifts are intentional and clear
• Each POV has strengths and limitations – choose what serves your story best
• Consider how POV impacts pacing, reveal of information, and character development

Developing Your Writing Style

Your writing style should complement your narrative choices and story content. Consider:

Tone and Voice:

• Match the mood of your story (e.g., light and humorous vs. dark and brooding)
• Develop a distinct voice for narrators or POV characters

Sentence Structure:

• Vary length and complexity for rhythm and emphasis
• Short, punchy sentences for action; longer, flowing ones for description or introspection

Word Choice:

• Use vocabulary fitting your genre and characters
• Consider how formal or colloquial language impacts the feel of your story

Pacing:

• Adjust your writing style to control the story's tempo
• Use shorter paragraphs and snappier dialogue for fast-paced scenes

Descriptive Techniques:

• Balance showing vs. telling based on your narrative needs
• Use sensory details to bring scenes to life

Remember:

- Your style should enhance, not overshadow, the story

• Be consistent, but allow for intentional variations to serve the narrative
• Read widely in your genre to study effective stylistic choices

Ultimately, narrative technique and style should work together to create a cohesive and engaging reading experience. Experiment with different approaches to find what works best for each unique story you tell.

Narrative Techniques in Fiction Writing

Storytelling Approaches

The Everyday Story

• Deals with common life experiences
• Can be told simply and straightforwardly
• Relies on familiar details for plausibility
• Benefits from matter-of-fact phrasing

The Extraordinary Story

• Involves strange or unusual events
• Requires more effort to achieve plausibility

  Two main approaches:

1. Defoe's Method: Interspersing familiar details with the unusual
2. Vivid Depiction: Using powerful, precise language to make the reader "see" events

Key Narrative Elements

Vividness

• Essential for making events feel real to the reader
• Achieved through careful word choice and imagery
• Particularly important for extraordinary stories

Suspense

• Results from overall story quality, not a specific technique
• Stems from interesting characters in compelling situations
• Maintained through reader curiosity about what happens next

Emphasis and Pacing

• Highlight major events through detailed narration or vivid language
• Handle minor events and transitions more briefly
• Balance between expanding on important moments and maintaining story flow

Transitional Elements

• Used to connect major events smoothly
• Should be concise and not overshadow main events
• Can sometimes be omitted for pacing

Blending Story Components

• Mix action, dialogue, and description for variety
• Avoid large chunks of a single element
• Enhances realism and maintains reader interest

Writing Process

• Visualize events clearly before writing
• Focus on perfecting expression for major events
• Calculate the right amount of detail for minor events
• Strive for natural flow between story elements

Remember, while these techniques are valuable, the core of good storytelling lies in having a compelling plot and well-developed characters. Technical skill enhances the delivery of a story, but cannot replace fundamental narrative strengths.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights | Plotting | Chapter 4

 

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Plotting)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 4

Plot and Situation in Modern Fiction Writing

Defining Plot in Fiction

Plot is the core of any story—it’s the engine that drives events and the framework that holds characters and conflicts together. Whether your story is plot-driven, character-driven, or atmosphere-driven, plot remains the essential force that moves the narrative forward. Even in stories focused on character development or atmosphere, the plot ensures that these elements evolve and intensify, leading to a climactic resolution.

What is a Plot?

Many definitions of plot exist, but one way to think about it is that plot is a structured series of events that work together, influenced by the characters' traits, and progressing toward a specific end. Unlike a tale, where events might occur randomly or simply happen to the characters, a plot ensures that every event is meaningfully connected. Each action and decision impacts the characters, and their traits influence the unfolding events in turn.

For example, consider jealousy. It might cause an event, such as a confrontation or a crime, or an event, like accidentally discovering a secret, might fuel jealousy in a character. The interaction between characters and events is what creates plot. Both must be integrated to keep the narrative moving cohesively, rather than feeling disjointed.

Plot as a Problem to Solve

At its heart, a plot presents a problem: what will happen to the characters? How will they react to the challenges they face? The problem can be internal, such as a character struggling with their emotions, or external, like a battle against nature or another person. These challenges or conflicts lead the story toward a resolution—what readers expect as the "ending"—which provides a sense of closure. This end doesn’t need to be neat or happy, but it does need to follow naturally from the events and characters involved.

Two Core Elements of Plot

1. Unity of Events and Characters: In a well-crafted plot, events and characters are interwoven. Characters influence events, and events shape the characters in return. This interaction is essential to creating a story that feels organic rather than episodic.
2. Climactic Progression: Each event in a plot should build upon the previous one, moving toward a peak or climax. This doesn’t always mean non-stop action or rising tension, but each event should contribute to advancing the story toward its conclusion. Readers should feel a sense of momentum, knowing that something is building, whether it’s an emotional resolution or a dramatic showdown.

The Three Basic Types of Conflict

Most stories fall into one of three categories of conflict, each offering a different kind of plot challenge:

1. Man vs. Nature: Here, the character is up against external, often uncontrollable forces—whether it’s a natural disaster, the wilderness, or disease. These stories often explore human endurance and resilience.
2. Man vs. Man: This conflict pits characters against each other, often in direct opposition. Whether it’s a rivalry, a battle of wits, or a physical confrontation, the drama comes from their interactions and struggles.
3. Man vs. Self: This internal conflict is about a character’s struggle with their own desires, fears, or morals. It’s introspective and often reveals deep emotional or psychological layers.

Complication and Dramatic Value

Complication: the presence of obstacles or layers of conflict—can enhance a plot, especially in action or plot-driven stories. However, it’s not essential. In character-driven or atmosphere-focused stories, adding too many complications can detract from the core narrative, disrupting the pacing and weakening the emotional impact. In short stories, which thrive on focus and brevity, it’s usually best to concentrate on a single conflict or climactic progression. Novels, on the other hand, have room for more complexity and subplots, as they can explore multiple dimensions of the story.

Plot as Drama

The essence of plot is drama—conflict between opposing forces, whether internal or external. This clash creates tension and uncertainty, keeping the reader engaged. The struggle might be between two characters, but it’s manifested in their actions and decisions, not just their internal thoughts or emotions. It’s the way these characters act and react that forms the heart of the drama.

Building the Plot: Key Elements

To effectively construct a plot, certain essential elements must be in place. These elements ensure that the story flows logically and keeps the reader engaged. Here's a breakdown of some key aspects that contribute to a well-structured plot:

1. Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for the story. It establishes the characters, setting, and the initial situation or conflict. This phase helps readers understand the world of the story and the stakes involved. The introduction should provide just enough information to intrigue the audience and set up the coming action.
2. Rising Action: After the initial setup, the story enters a phase where tension and complexity begin to build. Characters encounter obstacles, and events unfold that lead them toward the central conflict. This rising action is crucial for maintaining reader interest, as it introduces the primary problems or challenges the characters will need to face.
3. Climax: The climax is the story’s turning point—the moment of greatest tension or conflict. This is where everything the story has been building toward comes to a head. It’s often where characters make crucial decisions or face significant challenges that determine the outcome of the story. The climax can be emotional, physical, or psychological, but it must be the highest point of the narrative's intensity.
4. Falling Action: After the climax, the story begins to move toward resolution. The characters deal with the aftermath of the climax, and the consequences of their actions unfold. This is where loose ends are tied up, and the characters begin to move toward some form of closure, whether positive or negative.
5. Resolution: The resolution is the conclusion of the story. Here, the central conflict is resolved, and the characters’ fates are sealed. Whether the story ends on a hopeful note, with the protagonist overcoming their obstacles, or tragically, with defeat or loss, the resolution brings the narrative full circle.

The Role of Conflict in Plot Development

At the heart of every plot is conflict. Without it, there’s no story. Conflict drives characters to make choices and take action, and it pushes the narrative toward its ultimate resolution. A well-developed conflict not only sustains interest but also deepens the reader’s connection to the characters and their journey.

There are several types of conflict that can shape a story:

• External Conflict: This is a conflict between a character and outside forces, such as other characters, society, or nature. It’s the most visible type of conflict and often provides the most immediate drama.
• Internal Conflict: Internal conflict occurs when a character struggles with their own emotions, desires, or moral dilemmas. This type of conflict is more introspective and can lead to profound character development.

A strong plot often contains both types of conflict, interweaving them so that external events reflect or exacerbate a character’s internal struggles. This duality makes for rich, layered storytelling.

Plot as a Problem-Solving Device

A compelling plot isn’t just about conflict—it’s about resolution. At its core, a plot presents a problem that the characters must solve. Whether the story focuses on a physical challenge (surviving in a dangerous environment), a social one (navigating interpersonal dynamics), or an internal one (overcoming self-doubt or fear), the characters’ journey toward solving the problem is what drives the plot forward.

The problem-solution dynamic also allows the reader to engage with the story as a puzzle, asking themselves, "What will happen next?" and "How will the characters resolve this situation?" This sense of anticipation keeps readers invested in the story and its outcome.

Climactic Value in Plot

Not every story needs to follow a traditional structure with rising action and a single, explosive climax, but every story needs to have climactic value. This means that the events of the story must build toward something significant—an emotional peak, a revelation, or a decisive moment of action. Each scene should contribute to this build-up, pushing the characters toward a conclusion that feels earned and satisfying.

Climactic value can take many forms:

• Emotional Climax: In character-driven stories, the climax might be an emotional moment where the protagonist comes to terms with a major truth about themselves or someone else. This moment of self-discovery or catharsis is just as powerful as a physical climax in an action-oriented plot.
• Physical Climax: In action-oriented stories, the climax might involve a final battle, chase, or confrontation. The characters’ physical actions determine the outcome, and the tension comes from whether or not they’ll succeed in their goals.
• Psychological Climax: In more introspective stories, the climax might involve a character making a pivotal decision or overcoming an internal obstacle. These stories focus less on external events and more on the inner workings of the characters' minds.

Regardless of the form it takes, the climax must be a moment of resolution—where something important shifts, changes, or is resolved.

Plot as a Dynamic Framework

A well-crafted plot is more than a series of events strung together. It’s a dynamic framework that reflects the characters' growth, the challenges they face, and the ultimate resolution of the story’s central conflict. By understanding the interaction between character and event, and by carefully structuring the story to build toward a climax, writers can create plots that are both engaging and meaningful.

Situations and Plot

The situation in a story is the context or set of circumstances that define the characters’ reality. It’s the “what’s happening” of the story. However, a situation is not a plot on its own. For instance, a group of people stranded on a deserted island is a situation, but the plot emerges when we ask: How do they survive? What do they do? What conflicts arise among them?

In essence, the plot takes a situation and transforms it into a narrative by introducing conflict, decision-making, and resolution. While situations provide the backdrop, it’s the plot that propels the story forward by making the characters active participants in their circumstances.

Major Plot Structures

Different stories follow different plot structures, but a few common templates can be observed across many forms of storytelling:

1. Linear Plot: A straightforward, chronological progression of events. This is the most common structure, with the story following a clear beginning, middle, and end.
2. Non-linear Plot: A plot that doesn’t follow a chronological order. Flashbacks, parallel timelines, or fragmented storytelling can create a more complex narrative that keeps readers guessing.
3. Circular Plot: A story that ends where it began, often with the protagonist returning to a familiar situation, but changed by the journey.
4. Fractured Plot: Stories with multiple perspectives or timelines that converge at key moments, offering different angles on the same events.

Each of these structures can be used to create unique and compelling narratives, depending on the effect the writer wants to achieve.

Three Basic Themes of Plot

While plots can vary in structure and complexity, they often revolve around three core thematic conflicts. These serve as the foundation for most narratives, offering a framework that writers can use to develop their stories:

1. Conflict Between Man and Nature:

This theme centers around a character's struggle against the natural world, which can include anything from surviving harsh environments, battling disease, or contending with natural disasters. The natural world becomes an antagonist, and the tension arises from the character’s fight to overcome external forces beyond their control. In such plots, the story often explores themes of human endurance, resilience, and the fragile relationship between humanity and nature.

Examples:

• A mountaineer trapped in a snowstorm.
• A sailor navigating treacherous waters.
• A city under siege by a natural disaster like a flood or hurricane.

2. Conflict Between Man and Man:

The conflict between individuals is one of the most classic and versatile plot structures. Whether it’s physical, intellectual, or emotional, the confrontation between two or more characters generates tension and drama. This type of conflict can arise from differing goals, values, desires, or misunderstandings, and it plays out in relationships between protagonists and antagonists, lovers, rivals, friends, or enemies.

Examples:

• A detective pursuing a criminal mastermind.
• A political rivalry between two leaders.
• Two friends competing for the same prize or love interest.

3. Conflict Within the Same Man:

This is the internal conflict a character faces within themselves, often involving moral dilemmas, personal doubts, or emotional struggles. Stories driven by internal conflict focus on character growth, introspection, and the psychological challenges that can arise from facing difficult choices or reconciling opposing desires or beliefs. These stories emphasize emotional depth and character development and often result in the most transformative journeys for the protagonist.

Examples:

• A person grappling with guilt after making a life-altering mistake.
• A character torn between duty to family and personal dreams.
• A hero struggling to overcome fear and self-doubt.

These thematic conflicts form the basis of most plots, and often, more than one will be present in the same story, adding layers of complexity and depth.

Plot and Character Development: The Symbiotic Relationship

Characters and plot are interdependent; they shape and influence each other. Plot determines what happens, but it’s the characters’ decisions and actions in response to events that create the progression of the story. Likewise, a well-developed plot allows characters to reveal their traits, values, and motivations.

Here are a few ways plot and character interact:

1. Character-Driven Plots:

In these stories, the plot is shaped by the decisions, motivations, and development of the characters. The focus is on how individuals grow and change as they navigate the events of the story. These narratives often center on personal journeys, relationships, and internal conflicts.

Example:

A young artist must decide whether to pursue their dreams or conform to societal expectations. The plot evolves from the choices the character makes, exploring the consequences of each decision.

2. Event-Driven Plots:

In these plots, external events largely determine the course of the story, and characters react to these events. While character development is still important, the focus is more on the unfolding of action and events rather than internal growth.

Example:

A natural disaster strikes a small town, and the plot follows how the residents react to the crisis and try to survive. The characters' responses may be influenced by their personalities, but the driving force is the external event.

3. The Balancing Act:

The most compelling stories often strike a balance between character and event-driven elements. In such plots, external events challenge the characters, forcing them to make decisions that reveal their personalities, values, and inner conflicts. The result is a dynamic interplay between character and plot that makes the story engaging on multiple levels.

Climax and Resolution: Tying It All Together

The climax is often seen as the "big moment" in a story, but it's also the moment when the plot’s conflicts (both external and internal) reach their peak. Here, the protagonist must face the problem head-on, and their decisions and actions in this moment will define the outcome of the story. The climax should feel inevitable, the result of all the preceding events and character development.

A strong resolution follows the climax and provides closure for the story’s central conflicts. The resolution doesn’t always have to be a happy ending—it just needs to be a satisfying conclusion that ties up the story’s key themes and conflicts in a way that feels organic and earned.

In stories where internal conflict is a driving force, the resolution may involve the protagonist coming to terms with themselves, even if external circumstances don’t change much. In more action-driven plots, the resolution often involves the resolution of the external conflict, such as a victory over the antagonist or the successful completion of a mission.

The Role of Subplots in Enhancing the Main Plot

Subplots add complexity and depth to a story by introducing secondary conflicts or relationships that complement or contrast with the main plot. While the main plot drives the central narrative, subplots can provide additional emotional resonance, reveal different facets of characters, or explore themes in greater detail.

Effective subplots:

• Reflect or Contrast the Main Plot: A subplot can mirror the central conflict, offering a different perspective or reinforcing the themes of the main story. Alternatively, it can present a contrasting situation that highlights the stakes or decisions in the main plot.

Example:

In a story about a hero battling external forces to save their village, a subplot might involve their personal struggle to reconcile with a family member, echoing the theme of conflict and resolution on a more intimate scale.

• Introduce Supporting Characters: Subplots often give supporting characters their own arcs, allowing the story to explore the world beyond the protagonist’s journey. These secondary arcs can deepen the reader’s engagement with the story and its themes.

Example:

In a mystery novel, the protagonist’s partner might have their own investigation that parallels or intersects with the main case, offering a different viewpoint or critical piece of the puzzle.

• Provide Emotional Counterbalance: Subplots can also serve to lighten or intensify the tone of the main plot. For instance, a comedic subplot can provide relief in an otherwise tense story, while a tragic subplot can heighten the emotional stakes of the main conflict.

Example:

In a drama about a couple going through a difficult divorce, a subplot involving their child’s coming-of-age experience can add emotional depth and create a parallel narrative about growth and separation.

Plotting in Different Genres

The structure and pacing of a plot can vary depending on the genre of the story. Understanding the conventions of different genres can help writers craft plots that meet reader expectations while allowing for creativity and surprise. Here’s how plot might differ across some popular genres:

• Action/Adventure: Plots in this genre are usually event-driven and fast-paced, with a strong emphasis on external conflict. The protagonist is often thrust into dangerous situations and must rely on quick thinking and physical prowess to overcome obstacles.
• Romance: In romance plots, the central conflict revolves around the characters’ relationships. Emotional and interpersonal challenges drive the plot, with the resolution often culminating in the couple coming together (or sometimes parting ways, in the case of more tragic romances).
• Mystery/Thriller: Plots in mysteries and thrillers are often structured around uncovering secrets or solving a puzzle. The climax typically reveals the truth, while the rising action is filled with clues, red herrings, and suspense.
• Horror: Horror plots often center on the characters’ struggle against an external force (a monster, ghost, or killer) or an internal fear. The rising tension builds toward a terrifying climax, with the resolution often leaving lingering fear or uncertainty.
• Fantasy/Science Fiction: Plots in these genres often involve world-building and exploration of new realities. The conflict might revolve around quests, battles for power, or moral dilemmas related to technology, magic, or the nature of humanity.

Understanding the specific needs and expectations of the chosen genre allows writers to tailor their plot structures accordingly while still injecting originality and creativity into their storytelling.

In conclusion, modern fiction, plot remains the vital mechanism that transforms characters, actions, and atmosphere into a cohesive narrative. Whether your story focuses on intense action, psychological depth, or a vivid sense of place, the plot will guide it toward resolution. Understanding the interaction between characters and events—and how each step propels the story forward—allows writers to craft compelling, resonant fiction.

Mastering the elements of plot is essential for creating a story that captivates and resonates with readers. By understanding the interplay between conflict, character, and climax, and by utilizing structure, subplots, and genre conventions effectively, writers can craft narratives that are both compelling and memorable. 

Plot is not just the skeleton of a story—it’s the dynamic force that brings characters, events, and themes together. By understanding how to construct a strong plot, writers can craft stories that resonate with readers, keeping them invested from beginning to end.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights | Storytelling 2 | Chapter 3

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Storytelling 2)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 3

Conceptive Technique - Story Types

The work of a fiction writer can be broken into two main tasks: conception and execution. While some writers may begin with only a vague idea and develop it as they go, a skilled literary artist typically works with a clear purpose in mind from the outset. Understanding the different types of stories is crucial, especially when trying to determine what kind of effect you want to produce. In this context, we'll first explore the conceptive aspect of storytelling before diving into the execution and structure.

It’s important to note that there’s no guaranteed method to spark great ideas. Creativity is personal, and no technical knowledge can substitute for the inspiration needed to find a story worth telling. However, understanding the basic types of stories and how they differ can guide writers in shaping and developing their concepts.

Knowing whether your story is primarily focused on character, incident, or atmosphere can help you concentrate your efforts in the right direction. If your story emphasizes atmosphere, for example, you’ll focus on building an emotional or sensory environment rather than getting sidetracked with unnecessary character development or intricate plots.

Story Length: Novel vs. Short Story

While all stories share common elements, novels and short stories are different in terms of scope and complexity. A novel has room for multiple layers, with varying emphasis on character, plot, and atmosphere throughout. A short story, by contrast, is more focused. It aims to produce a single, unified effect. With limited space, any extraneous emphasis on secondary elements can weaken the overall impact. For this reason, understanding the core of your story—whether it’s about character, plot, or atmosphere—is especially critical when writing short stories. However, the same principles can also apply to episodes within a novel.

The Three Story Types: Character, Plot, and Atmosphere

At its core, a story is about what people do in a particular time and place. How you emphasize these elements—personality, action, or setting—defines the story type:

1. Character-Driven Stories: These stories focus on the traits and development of characters. The plot serves as a vehicle for exploring a character’s strengths, weaknesses, or evolution. In a character-driven story, readers are most interested in how individuals grow, change, or unravel over time.
2. Plot-Driven Stories: Here, the primary focus is on what happens. The sequence of events or actions takes center stage. These stories tend to be more dramatic, with a clear series of events leading to a climax. While characters are still important, they serve the plot rather than driving the narrative.
3. Atmosphere-Driven Stories: These stories emphasize the setting and mood. The environment, whether physical or emotional, shapes the experience of the characters and the readers. Creating a powerful atmosphere can give a story its distinct tone, evoking specific feelings such as fear, beauty, or suspense.

While these types are distinct, they often overlap. A plot-driven story may still require well-developed characters, and an atmospheric story might involve significant action. The key is deciding where to place the emphasis.

Character Stories: Depth Through Development

A true character story centers on the evolution or decline of its characters. Readers follow the characters as they encounter challenges, and the story hinges on whether they grow stronger or weaker in response. The progression of these traits is the essence of the plot in character stories. The actions taken by the characters must align with their personalities; otherwise, the story feels disjointed. The events in the story are there to illuminate the characters, not overshadow them.

Plot Stories: The Archetype of Storytelling

Plot-driven stories often represent the most traditional form of storytelling. Unlike a simple tale, where events happen by chance, plot-driven stories feature a series of events that are tightly interconnected, with each incident being essential to the overall design. These stories are often easy to recognize—they have a clear, gripping narrative arc—but not every plot idea can fit into a short story. Compression isn’t the goal in short story writing; rather, the short story should be naturally brief, focusing on a few key incidents that can be developed in detail. The best short stories feel complete despite their brevity, delivering a fully realized narrative in a limited number of words.

Atmosphere Stories: The Challenge of Intangible Worlds

Atmospheric stories emphasize the setting or mood, and crafting them requires a high level of imagination and technical skill. Unlike character or plot stories, which deal with concrete people and events, atmospheric stories deal with emotions, impressions, and the intangible. This type of story is the hardest to pull off successfully, as it requires the writer to evoke feelings and sensory experiences through words alone. The challenge lies in making the reader feel the atmosphere, whether it’s haunting, serene, or oppressive, without relying too heavily on external descriptions.

Recognizing and Developing Your Story Type

Once you’ve identified the type of story you’re telling, it becomes easier to focus on how to develop it effectively. Character-driven stories demand attention to the internal growth of the characters. Plot-driven stories require careful planning to ensure the events are interconnected and purposeful. Atmosphere-driven stories need to build a world or mood that captivates the reader from beginning to end.

While other types of stories, like love stories, exist, they can usually be categorized by their emphasis on character, plot, or atmosphere. The key takeaway is that by understanding your story’s core type, you can ensure that every element of your narrative supports its primary focus.

In summary, identifying whether your story is character, plot, or atmosphere-driven is a critical first step. This helps you streamline your creative process and ensures that your story resonates with the audience in the way you intend.

Story Types and Techniques

Understanding Story Types for Effective Fiction Writing

When it comes to crafting fiction, a writer’s process can be broken down into two main categories: conception and execution. While some authors may start with only a vague idea and develop the story as they write, this is not the typical approach of a deliberate, skillful storyteller. A conscious writer begins with a clear purpose and vision, guiding their choices and actions throughout the entire process. The focus here is on conceptive techniques—specifically understanding different story types and how they shape the execution of a story.

There is no magic formula for finding a good story. That depends entirely on the writer’s creativity and talent. However, understanding the fundamental types of stories, and knowing which type a particular idea fits into, can significantly help a writer develop their narrative more effectively. If a story concept leans towards character development rather than plot or atmosphere, the writer can focus on bringing those character traits to life, without diluting the impact with unnecessary focus on the other elements.

The Difference Between Novels and Short Stories

Whether it’s a novel or a short story, all fiction shares the same core elements: characters, events, and settings. However, a novel, due to its length, can emphasize multiple aspects—character, plot, and atmosphere—across different chapters and scenes. A short story, constrained by its brevity, typically aims to create a single, concentrated effect. Any distraction from that main focus can weaken the story’s impact. Therefore, it’s crucial for short story writers to grasp and refine the core idea of their narrative from the outset.

Three Core Story Types

Fiction is built around three key components: characters, events, and settings. How a story prioritizes these elements determines its type:

1. Character-Driven Stories: These stories explore human nature, focusing on specific traits of the characters. Rather than providing a complete portrayal of someone’s personality, the writer zeroes in on a few defining qualities and shows them in action. A true character story involves growth or change in the characters over time. The story’s climax hinges on whether the characters will shape their circumstances or be shaped by them.
2. Plot-Driven Stories: These narratives emphasize action and events. They are the foundation of storytelling, often referred to as archetypal fiction. While character and atmosphere are still present, they take a backseat to the unfolding of the plot. The hallmark of a plot-driven story is a clear chain of events leading to a resolution, and it must be paced to fit within the limited word count of a short story. A good short story isn't about compressing a longer narrative, but about presenting a complete tale suited to its natural length.
3. Atmosphere-Driven Stories: These focus on creating a particular mood or feeling, often through descriptions of the setting or emotional tone. These stories are the hardest to execute well, as they rely heavily on imagination and the ability to evoke sensory or emotional responses in readers. They don’t just describe a place; they immerse the reader in a distinct emotional environment. Crafting a story of atmosphere requires the writer to master subtle techniques that capture intangible feelings, whether it's the eerie chill of a haunted house or the warmth of a nostalgic memory.

Blurring the Lines Between Types

Although these categories are useful for understanding story structure, most stories will include elements of all three. A plot-driven story will still have characters, and an atmosphere-heavy piece will still involve some form of action or interaction. The key is knowing which element to emphasize for the greatest effect. If the main appeal of your story is how a character changes over time, that’s where your focus should be. If your idea revolves around a complex sequence of events, plot will take center stage. Writers must identify the dominant element early on to guide their narrative approach.

The Short Story: A Case for Brevity and Depth

One of the most common misconceptions about short stories is that they are simply condensed versions of longer tales. But a true short story is not the result of compression—it is a complete, self-contained narrative that naturally fits its shorter form. It’s a genre that thrives on careful selection of details rather than squeezing in as much information as possible. Each word, sentence, and scene in a short story must serve a purpose. This selective approach allows for depth and focus, creating a narrative with the same complexity and emotional resonance as a novel, but within a more concise framework.

Writers should avoid “rhetorical compression,” where events and ideas are crammed into too little space, sacrificing the natural flow and depth of the story. Instead, they should aim for “selective brevity,” carefully choosing only the most essential moments to highlight.

Crafting the Right Atmosphere

Creating a successful atmosphere-driven story is often the most challenging task for a writer. Unlike characters or events, atmosphere is more abstract—it’s about capturing a feeling, a tone, or an emotional undercurrent. Whether it’s horror, nostalgia, or serenity, the atmosphere must be deeply woven into every element of the story. This requires the writer to have a strong command of language, using it to evoke not just visuals but also sensations and emotions.

Good atmosphere doesn’t just describe a scene—it immerses the reader fully. A horror story, for instance, might focus on the growing tension in a seemingly normal setting, using subtle details to evoke dread. A nostalgic tale might use language that conjures vivid memories or feelings of longing. The challenge lies in striking the right balance between description and emotional impact without becoming overly verbose or disconnected from the narrative.

Other Story Variations

While character, plot, and atmosphere are the fundamental building blocks of fiction, they don’t exist in isolation. Many stories, especially love stories or moral tales, blend these elements in different ways. A love story, for example, can emphasize character growth, plot twists, or the emotional atmosphere of a relationship. Understanding how to balance these elements is key to developing a strong and engaging narrative.

By recognizing the true nature of their story idea—whether it’s primarily about characters, plot, or atmosphere—writers can develop it in a way that plays to its strengths, ensuring a more cohesive and impactful piece of fiction.

Conclusion

Mastering the art of fiction writing requires an understanding of story types and how they inform the structure and focus of a narrative. Whether crafting a novel or a short story, the writer must recognize whether their idea is primarily driven by characters, events, or atmosphere and develop it accordingly. Short stories, in particular, demand clarity of purpose and precision in execution. Writers who understand the core nature of their story can more effectively craft compelling narratives that resonate with readers, without wasting effort on unnecessary elements.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights | Storytelling 1 | Chapter 2

The Writer's Craft: Modern Insights

(Storytelling 1)

By Olivia Salter

CHAPTER 2

The Writer’s Task: Selecting Material

Life offers an endless array of experiences, and the imagination stretches beyond even that. For a writer, the challenge isn’t the lack of material, but the ability to choose the right theme. The writer must consider their own interests, strengths, the worth of the idea, and the audience they wish to reach. Writing with passion leads to better work, but overreaching beyond one’s abilities could lead to failure. It’s important to note that while catering to an audience is essential, the average reader is perceptive enough to detect condescension, which should be avoided.

The Power of Sincerity in Storytelling

Stories generally fall into two categories: those purely for entertainment and those with a deeper message. The difference often lies in the sincerity of the writer. A fully developed story engages through its subject matter, offers aesthetic pleasure through its structure, and reflects a genuine aspect of life. Sincerity isn’t a moral obligation but a way to enhance the power of a story. The reader can sense when a story lacks authenticity, which diminishes its impact. Writers like George Eliot, who sometimes took life too seriously, serve as a reminder that sincerity must come naturally, not forced.

Entertainment and Art: Balancing the Two

Writing for entertainment doesn’t necessarily diminish artistic value. Alexandre Dumas, for example, was both entertaining and literary. Adventure stories can be compelling and artistic as long as they have vibrancy and energy. However, stories rooted in life’s ordinary struggles often resonate more deeply with readers. Bizarre and fantastic tales might capture initial attention, but lasting appeal comes from stories that portray relatable human challenges.

Common Problems as Timeless Themes

Stories focused on universal problems—love, hate, work—are compelling because they are familiar and relatable. These universal themes, when brought to life through specific characters and events, form the foundation of great fiction. Writers who skillfully craft stories around these everyday dilemmas are able to evoke deep connections, regardless of whether they lean toward realism like Fyodor Dostoevsky or romanticism like Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Avoiding the Trap of Imitation

While many writers aim to create something meaningful, others are satisfied with commercial success. It’s a healthier attitude to view a paycheck as validation than to embrace the stereotype of the “suffering artist.” However, originality should never be sacrificed for the sake of imitation. Too much modern fiction follows a template, often due to a lack of confidence in trying something new. Writers should be mindful of exploring fresh ideas without resorting to controversy or obscenity. There’s a vast world to explore, and the best stories come from observing life with an open mind, not just copying what’s already been done.

Novelty and Worth in Writing

When choosing what to write about, writers should prioritize both novelty and worth. A fresh perspective or unique approach to storytelling will not only inspire the writer but also attract readers. No one finds joy in meaningless work, but creating something with value provides motivation. Before diving into writing, it’s essential to fully assess an idea’s potential, ensuring it’s worth the effort. Writers must know their ideas inside out to properly develop them, eliminating unnecessary parts while emphasizing what’s truly important.

Three Essential Elements of Fiction

To create a successful piece of fiction, writers should evaluate whether their story is interesting, can be written with literary quality, and carries worth. If all these elements are present, any failure in execution is likely a result of poor craftsmanship rather than a flawed concept. If a story idea lacks interest, it should be discarded. The main goal of fiction is to entertain and captivate the audience; everything else, including artistry and meaning, serves this purpose. A dull story, no matter how well-crafted, is a failure.

The Importance of Keeping Fiction Interesting

Writers must not lose sight of the fact that fiction’s primary function is to interest and entertain. Academics and critics often cloud this with unnecessary complexity, but the core of storytelling is capturing the reader’s attention. Writers who obsess over technicalities and miss the importance of engaging content risk losing their audience. The most successful fiction entertains while also possessing literary merit, appealing to both casual and cultured readers alike.

Characters and Events: Twin Pillars of Interest

Fictional interest comes from two main sources: the plot and the characters. Stories driven by mere events may hold some appeal, but those rooted in character development have a deeper impact. A character-focused story can explore a range of human qualities, engaging readers on an emotional level. Events in a story are more powerful when they stem from the actions of well-developed characters, rather than just being a series of happenings. Readers are drawn to characters they can connect with—whether they love or hate them—far more than to events alone.

The Depth of Character-Driven Stories

Stories that focus on characters rather than merely on plot have a more profound, lasting appeal. Readers may find themselves drawn into the world of events, but they stay for the people who populate those events. A well-developed character engages the reader on an emotional level, creating a deeper bond that outlasts any momentary fascination with an intricate plot. This emotional connection is key to making a story resonate. While plot twists and surprises might hook the reader initially, it is the characters—their struggles, desires, and growth—that ensure the story leaves a lasting impression.

Balancing Action and Character Development

A story must strike a balance between action and character development. Action alone, with little regard for character, can feel shallow and fleeting. On the other hand, a character study without meaningful events may lack momentum and fail to engage the reader. The most compelling fiction intertwines action with character, showing how events impact people, and how people, in turn, influence the course of events. Characters are defined by what they do, and their choices should drive the plot forward in meaningful ways. In the end, readers care about what happens in a story because they care about the people involved.

Crafting Relatable Characters

Creating characters that feel real is one of the most challenging tasks for a writer, but it’s also one of the most rewarding. Readers are more likely to connect with characters who reflect the complexity of real human beings—people with flaws, desires, and contradictions. A relatable character doesn’t have to be someone the reader agrees with or even likes, but they must feel authentic. The more deeply a writer can understand and portray their characters, the more those characters will resonate with the audience, making the fictional world feel alive.

The Impact of Relationships on Storytelling

Character relationships add another layer of depth to fiction. Whether through friendship, rivalry, love, or conflict, the dynamics between characters provide tension, growth, and resolution in a story. A plot may move characters from one situation to another, but it is the relationships they form or break along the way that gives the narrative its emotional weight. By focusing on how characters relate to one another, a writer can create moments of genuine emotional impact, giving the story resonance that extends beyond the page.

Emotional Truth in Fiction

The most memorable stories are often those that reveal emotional truths about life. While a story’s plot and characters may be entirely fictional, the emotions they evoke should feel real and relatable to the reader. This is where the importance of sincerity comes back into play. A story with emotional depth is one where the writer has tapped into universal human experiences—joy, fear, love, loss—and conveyed them through the fictional lens. When a reader sees their own emotional reality reflected in the story, they are far more likely to be engaged, moved, and ultimately satisfied.

The Writer’s Role: Guiding the Reader’s Experience

A writer is not just telling a story—they are guiding the reader through an emotional and intellectual experience. Every decision a writer makes, from the plot structure to the character development, impacts how the reader perceives and interacts with the story. Understanding this allows the writer to craft a narrative that not only entertains but also challenges, surprises, and rewards the reader. A skilled writer knows when to withhold information to build suspense, when to offer moments of relief, and when to deliver a powerful emotional payoff.

Fiction as a Reflection of Life

At its core, fiction is a reflection of life, whether it mirrors reality closely or is a fantastic departure from it. The best fiction helps readers make sense of their own lives by offering a lens through which to view their experiences. Even the most imaginative stories, set in worlds vastly different from our own, speak to the fundamental truths of human existence. Writers who understand this use their stories not just to entertain, but to offer insight into what it means to be human. Through fiction, they explore themes of identity, morality, relationships, and the passage of time, creating stories that resonate deeply with readers.

Originality in Fiction: Breaking Away from Cliché

In a world saturated with stories, originality is a key factor in making a work stand out. Writers should strive to break away from clichés and predictable narratives, offering fresh perspectives or new twists on familiar themes. Originality doesn’t always mean creating something entirely new—it can also mean telling a common story in an uncommon way. The writer who dares to be different, who brings a unique voice or vision to their work, is the one most likely to capture and hold the reader’s attention. This originality can stem from character, setting, structure, or even the way the story is told.

The Evolving Nature of Fiction

As society evolves, so too does fiction. What was once considered groundbreaking or controversial might now be viewed as dated or tame. Writers must remain aware of the cultural and social context in which they are writing, ensuring their stories are relevant to contemporary readers. This doesn’t mean pandering to trends, but rather recognizing how the world has changed and incorporating those changes into their work. Fiction has always been a reflection of its time, and writers who stay attuned to the shifting currents of society are more likely to create stories that resonate with modern audiences.

The Future of Storytelling: Embracing Change

The future of fiction is exciting, with new technologies and platforms offering innovative ways to tell stories. Writers should remain open to these changes, embracing new formats such as interactive fiction, virtual reality, or serialized storytelling on digital platforms. While the fundamentals of good storytelling—character, plot, theme—remain the same, the methods of delivery are constantly evolving. Writers who adapt to these changes while staying true to the core principles of fiction will continue to engage and entertain audiences in new and exciting ways.

Conclusion: Writing with Purpose and Passion

At the end of the day, the best fiction is born from a combination of purpose and passion. A writer who believes in the story they are telling, who invests in their characters and themes, and who remains committed to originality and sincerity, is far more likely to create something that resonates. Writing is both an art and a craft, and success comes from the balance of the two. Writers who understand this, who approach their work with both creativity and discipline, will continue to find joy in their labor—and success in captivating their readers.

CONTENT

Preface & Introduction

1. Chapter 1:   Writers and Life
2. Chapter 2:    Storytelling 1
3. Chapter 3:    Storytelling 2
4. Chapter 4:    Plotting
5. Chapter 5:    Narrative 1
6. Chapter 6:    Narrative 2
7. Chapter 7:    Narrative 3
8. Chapter 8:    Description
9. Chapter 9:    Dialogue
10. Chapter 10:  Characters
11. Chapter 11:  Atmosphere
12. Chapter 12:  Settings 
13. Chapter 13:  Short Story
14. Chapter 14:  The Novel
15. Chapter 15:  Conclusion