Conflict Unveiled: The Heart of Compelling Storytelling

Conflict Unveiled: The Heart of Compelling Storytelling

By Olivia Salter

Conflict lies at the heart of every memorable story. It's the force that transforms a simple sequence of events into a compelling narrative that keeps readers turning pages long into the night. Whether it's Elizabeth Bennet's struggle against societal expectations in "Pride and Prejudice," Frodo's perilous journey to destroy the One Ring in "The Lord of the Rings," or Scout Finch's confrontation with prejudice in "To Kill a Mockingbird," conflict drives the narrative forward while revealing the true nature of our characters.

At its core, conflict is more than just trouble or opposition – it's the tension that arises when a character's desires clash with obstacles that prevent them from achieving their goals. These obstacles can take many forms: a rival's ambitions, society's restrictions, nature's fury, or even the character's own inner demons. The most compelling stories often weave together multiple layers of conflict, creating a rich tapestry of tension that engages readers on both emotional and intellectual levels.

Understanding how to craft meaningful conflict is essential for any writer. Without it, stories become mere descriptions of events, lacking the emotional investment that makes readers care about the outcome. Well-crafted conflict forces characters to make difficult choices, reveals their true nature under pressure, and drives their growth throughout the story. It's through conflict that characters are tested, transformed, and ultimately triumph – or fail in ways that illuminate the human experience.

For writers, the challenge lies not just in creating conflict, but in developing it naturally and maintaining it effectively throughout the narrative. This means understanding how to escalate tensions, raise stakes, and create obstacles that are both challenging and believable within the context of your story. It means knowing when to turn up the pressure and when to give your readers (and characters) room to breathe. Most importantly, it means ensuring that your conflicts serve a purpose beyond mere drama – they should reveal character, advance the plot, and contribute to your story's broader themes.

In the following sections, we'll explore the essential elements of writing conflict in fiction, from understanding different types of conflict to mastering techniques for building and maintaining tension that will keep your readers engaged from the first page to the last. Whether you're crafting a sweeping epic or an intimate character study, these principles will help you create conflicts that resonate with readers and serve as the foundation for compelling storytelling.

Building Conflict: The Art of Tension and Stakes in Storytelling

• Understanding Conflict's Core Purpose

Conflict is at the heart of storytelling, a force that drives plot, develops characters, and engages readers. Its purpose goes beyond mere disagreement or struggle; it serves as the crucible where characters’ true natures are revealed, and meaningful change occurs. Conflict challenges characters to confront their deepest fears, desires, or beliefs, pushing them beyond their comfort zones and compelling them to grow or succumb.

In literature, conflict can manifest internally within a character (internal conflict) or externally through interactions with other characters, society, or nature. This tension provides momentum, urging the story forward and compelling readers to stay invested in the outcome. Conflict also adds layers to a narrative, creating emotional stakes that make the story resonate on a deeper level. Through conflict, themes are explored, and the narrative gains depth, offering insight into the human experience, whether it’s the clash between good and evil, tradition versus change, or love contending with loss.

Ultimately, conflict is what makes stories relatable and compelling. It mirrors the struggles we encounter in life, allowing readers to connect with the narrative on a personal level.

• The Four Pillars of Effective Conflict

1. Purposeful Opposition

Effective conflict isn’t just about random obstacles; it has a purpose. Each point of tension should serve a role in advancing the plot, revealing character traits, or underscoring the story's theme. When characters encounter opposition, it should feel significant, contributing to their journey and encouraging them to confront their beliefs, strengths, and weaknesses. Purposeful opposition makes the conflict meaningful, adding depth to the story by pushing characters in directions that ultimately reveal their true selves.

2. High Stakes

For conflict to feel compelling, there must be something substantial at risk—whether it’s a goal, relationship, moral value, or even a character’s life. Stakes provide urgency and emotional weight, motivating characters to take action and drawing readers into the narrative. High stakes make the reader question whether the characters will succeed, creating tension and suspense. The greater the potential loss, the more invested the audience becomes, as they sense that the outcomes matter deeply to the characters.

3. Authenticity

Conflict that feels forced or out of character can weaken a story. Authentic conflict stems naturally from the characters' personalities, desires, and fears, aligning with the world they inhabit. When the conflict reflects real human emotions and reactions, it resonates more deeply with the audience. Readers are more likely to engage with characters whose struggles feel genuine, as it mirrors the complexities of real life, making the narrative relatable and impactful.

4. Growth and Resolution

Conflict is only satisfying when it leads to some form of resolution, even if it’s bittersweet or unresolved. Through conflict, characters experience growth or transformation, and the story reaches a conclusion that reflects the lessons learned along the way. This resolution doesn’t always mean a “happy ending,” but it should feel earned, showing how the characters have evolved. The way the conflict is resolved can leave a lasting impression on the reader, underscoring the story’s themes and providing a sense of closure, even if all questions aren’t fully answered.

Together, these four pillars help create conflict that is impactful, driving the story forward and deepening the reader's emotional connection with the narrative. When conflict is purposeful, has high stakes, feels authentic, and leads to growth or resolution, it elevates a story, making it both memorable and meaningful.

Escalating Stakes

Escalating stakes in a story is essential for building suspense, tension, and emotional investment. By gradually intensifying what’s at risk, you create a sense of urgency that keeps readers on edge, rooting for the protagonist while fearing for their fate. A well-structured escalation moves from the personal to the universal, with each increase in stakes revealing new layers of potential loss. This layering of stakes creates a complex narrative where characters face increasingly difficult choices with far-reaching consequences. Here’s how to achieve effective escalation through different types of stakes:

1. Personal Stakes: Start with Conflicts that Affect Your Protagonist Personally

The initial stakes should hit close to home, affecting the protagonist in ways that matter deeply to them on a personal level. These conflicts might involve relationships, self-worth, or a cherished goal, engaging readers by showing how much the outcome truly matters to the character. For example, a protagonist might risk losing a loved one, facing personal failure, or jeopardizing their reputation. This level of risk establishes an emotional anchor for the story, drawing readers into the protagonist’s inner world and helping them relate to the character’s journey. As the protagonist navigates these personal stakes, they become more invested in finding a solution, making it clear that what’s at stake is more than just an objective—it’s their sense of self and happiness.

2. Expanding Impact: Gradually Increase the Scope of What’s at Risk

After establishing personal stakes, expand the reach of the consequences, affecting more characters or impacting areas of the protagonist’s life beyond their inner world. The conflict might begin to threaten the protagonist’s family, friends, or community, creating a ripple effect that broadens the stakes. For instance, if the protagonist fails, they may not be the only one to suffer—those closest to them might also experience loss, hardship, or danger. As the impact grows, the protagonist feels greater pressure, knowing that others will pay the price if they fail. This expansion raises the emotional tension and amplifies the story’s urgency, forcing the protagonist to confront new moral dilemmas and take even greater risks to protect the people they care about.

3. Layered Consequences: Create Multiple Levels of Potential Failure

To heighten suspense, incorporate layered consequences, each representing a different type of loss or impact. This layering creates a multidimensional sense of risk that enriches the narrative and deepens the stakes at each level. The potential outcomes should range from personal to global, encompassing emotional, physical, and societal impacts. Here’s a breakdown of layered consequences:

• Internal Consequences (Emotional, Psychological)
• At this level, failure impacts the protagonist’s internal world, affecting their emotions, mental health, or sense of self. They might feel guilt, shame, or regret, grappling with unresolved fears or trauma. Emotional stakes make the conflict personal, as the protagonist confronts their own vulnerabilities and limitations. For example, a protagonist might face self-doubt or guilt if they fail to protect a loved one, questioning their own worth or purpose. Internal consequences deepen character development, showing readers the psychological cost of failure and the protagonist’s struggle to maintain resilience.

• External Consequences (Physical, Social, Professional)
• External consequences affect the protagonist’s physical safety, social standing, or professional reputation. These stakes might involve threats of physical harm, loss of career, or public disgrace, placing the protagonist in a vulnerable position where failure could have tangible, irreversible effects. For instance, a protagonist who loses a job may face financial hardship, while a social scandal could lead to isolation or alienation. External stakes bring a concrete element of risk, as the protagonist faces obstacles that could alter the trajectory of their life, relationships, or career. These consequences also create visible outcomes that make the conflict feel immediate and realistic to readers.
• Global Consequences (Affecting the Wider World or Community)
• At the highest level, the stakes extend beyond the protagonist, impacting their community, society, or even the world. This broad scope can include consequences like widespread danger, social upheaval, or environmental crisis, elevating the protagonist’s struggle to a level where many lives or the future itself is at stake. For example, a protagonist working to prevent a disaster might know that failure could mean mass casualties or the collapse of societal stability. Global stakes add a sense of epic scale, forcing the protagonist to rise to the occasion and make sacrifices not just for themselves but for the greater good. This level of consequence adds intensity to the story, making the protagonist’s success or failure a matter of universal importance.

Together, these levels of escalating stakes build a narrative that feels both intimate and expansive, engaging readers with personal connections while showing the potential for far-reaching impact. By weaving together personal stakes, expanding impact, and layered consequences, a story gains depth and tension, keeping readers invested as they anticipate the outcomes at each level. This structure provides a compelling journey where the protagonist must face increasingly difficult choices, showing how the risks they face ultimately reveal their character and drive the story toward a powerful conclusion.

2. Clear Opposition: A Catalyst for Dynamic Storytelling

Clear opposition is essential in crafting conflicts that captivate readers and propel a narrative forward. By creating distinct and relatable sources of opposition, writers can heighten tension, enrich character arcs, and deepen the story's impact. Whether the conflict stems from external forces or internal dilemmas, the clarity of these obstacles determines how compelling and believable the story will be. Below, we explore the key components of clear opposition and how each contributes to engaging storytelling.

Identifiable Obstacles: Make the Sources of Conflict Clear and Concrete

For readers to connect with a story, they need to understand what the protagonist is up against. Identifiable obstacles provide clarity and focus, ensuring the conflict feels real and tangible. These obstacles should:

• Be Specific: Vague or ambiguous challenges can dilute tension. For example, instead of a general fear of failure, a protagonist might fear losing custody of their child in a legal battle, making the stakes personal and immediate.
• Be Visible: Whether it’s a rival, a bureaucratic system, or a crumbling bridge, readers should be able to picture the obstacle and its impact on the protagonist's journey.
• Be Meaningful: The obstacle should matter to the protagonist, aligning with their goals, values, or fears. If the protagonist doesn’t care about overcoming the challenge, readers won’t either.

Worthy Antagonists: Create Opposition That Challenges the Protagonist on Multiple Levels

A worthy antagonist elevates the conflict by providing formidable opposition. These antagonists are not mere villains; they are complex characters or forces that challenge the protagonist physically, emotionally, and intellectually. Consider the following:

• Strength and Strategy: A strong antagonist pushes the protagonist to their limits, forcing them to grow and adapt. This might include a cunning rival, a manipulative family member, or a corrupt leader with resources far beyond the protagonist’s reach.
• Moral Complexity: The best antagonists aren’t purely evil; they often have motivations that make their actions understandable, if not justifiable. This complexity blurs the lines between right and wrong, creating deeper engagement.
• Direct and Indirect Opposition: Antagonists don’t always confront the protagonist directly. Sometimes, they operate through proxies, societal systems, or even subtle manipulation, keeping the protagonist on edge.

Internal Struggles: Develop Conflicts Within the Character's Own Nature

Some of the most profound opposition comes from within the protagonist. Internal struggles add depth and realism, reflecting the universal human experience of grappling with doubts, fears, and desires. These conflicts should:

• Stem from Flaws or Traumas: A character’s internal struggles often arise from their flaws, insecurities, or unresolved past experiences. For instance, a hero may doubt their ability to lead due to a traumatic failure in their past.
• Conflict with External Goals: Internal opposition can mirror or contradict external challenges. A character striving to save their family might secretly fear they’re not strong enough, creating an additional layer of tension.
• Evolve Over Time: Internal struggles should change as the story progresses, reflecting the character’s growth or regression. This evolution keeps the conflict dynamic and engaging.

Environmental Challenges: Use Setting and Circumstances as Sources of Tension

The environment in which a story unfolds can serve as an antagonist, creating obstacles that test the protagonist’s resilience and ingenuity. These challenges can be:

• Natural Forces: Extreme weather, natural disasters, or barren landscapes can act as direct threats, adding urgency and danger to the narrative. For example, a storm may trap characters, forcing them to confront both the elements and their personal conflicts.
• Societal and Cultural Constraints: Societal norms, systemic oppression, or cultural expectations can create conflict, especially when the protagonist’s desires clash with the world around them. A character fighting for justice in a corrupt system must contend not just with individuals but with ingrained power structures.
• Time and Space: Temporal or spatial limitations, such as a ticking clock or being trapped in a confined area, can heighten tension and urgency. For instance, a protagonist racing against time to defuse a bomb faces both logistical and emotional stakes.

By integrating clear and multidimensional opposition into a story, writers create a narrative that feels grounded and compelling. Identifiable obstacles, worthy antagonists, internal struggles, and environmental challenges work together to test the protagonist’s resolve, driving the plot and enriching the emotional journey.

3. Time Pressure

• Deadlines: Establish clear time limits for resolving conflicts
• Mounting Urgency: Create situations where delay increases the stakes
• Pacing: Balance urgent moments with breathing room to build suspense

4. Emotional Investment

• Character Values: Tie conflicts to what matters most to your characters
• Moral Dilemmas: Force difficult choices that challenge beliefs
• Relationships: Use interpersonal dynamics to heighten tension

Types of Conflict

External Conflicts Expanded

1. Character vs. Character

This type of conflict occurs when two individuals have opposing desires, goals, or values. The struggle may manifest physically, verbally, emotionally, or psychologically.

• Power Struggles: Characters may compete for authority, dominance, or control, whether in a workplace, a family, a kingdom, or a relationship. Example: A CEO and a rising employee fight for influence over a company’s future.
• Competing Goals: Two characters may have objectives that cannot coexist. Example: Two detectives want to solve the same case but have wildly different methods and ethical perspectives.
• Relationship Tensions: Friends, lovers, family members, or colleagues experience conflict due to betrayal, misunderstandings, or irreconcilable differences. Example: A husband and wife struggle over trust issues after one discovers a hidden past.
• Revenge and Betrayal: One character wrongs another, and a cycle of retaliation ensues. Example: A betrayed soldier seeks justice against a corrupt general who left him to die.
• Ideological Differences: Conflicts arise from differing beliefs about morality, politics, or personal values. Example: A journalist and a politician clash over government transparency.

2. Character vs. Nature

This conflict tests a character’s endurance against natural forces beyond their control, highlighting themes of resilience, adaptation, and human fragility.

• Survival Situations: A character is stranded, lost, or struggling to stay alive in extreme conditions. Example: A hiker trapped in a blizzard must navigate through snow-covered mountains to find safety.
• Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, or hurricanes create external pressure on the character, forcing difficult choices. Example: A family must evacuate their home as a wildfire spreads through their town.
• Environmental Challenges: Pollution, climate change, or habitat destruction force characters into action. Example: A fisherman fights against declining fish populations and corporate exploitation of the sea.
• Resource Scarcity: When food, water, medicine, or shelter are limited, characters must make sacrifices or engage in conflict to survive. Example: In a post-apocalyptic wasteland, a mother searches for clean water to save her child.
• Wildlife Threats: A character faces dangers from animals, either in a survival setting or due to unnatural disturbances in nature. Example: A conservationist is hunted by a rogue lion while trying to protect the species.

3. Character vs. Society

This conflict emerges when a character struggles against societal norms, traditions, or institutions, often leading to themes of rebellion, justice, and change.

• Cultural Expectations: A character is pressured to conform to societal roles based on gender, class, race, or tradition. Example: A young woman is forced into an arranged marriage but dreams of becoming an artist.
• Systemic Obstacles: Institutionalized discrimination, bureaucracy, or legal systems stand in the character’s way. Example: A Black lawyer fights for justice in a prejudiced court system.
• Social Norms: The character challenges or is ostracized for defying collective beliefs. Example: A gay couple fights for the right to adopt in a conservative town.
• Institutional Opposition: Governments, corporations, or powerful organizations suppress, exploit, or endanger the protagonist. Example: A whistleblower exposes corruption in a pharmaceutical company but is targeted for silence.
• Revolution and Rebellion: A character rises against oppressive rule or unjust laws. Example: A teenager leads a student movement against an authoritarian school system.

Each of these conflicts can serve as the backbone of a story, deepening character struggles and driving the plot forward. Would you like to explore internal conflicts as well?

Internal Conflicts Expanded

1. Moral Dilemmas

Moral dilemmas occur when a character faces a difficult decision between two or more conflicting values, responsibilities, or desires. These internal struggles often lead to deep character development, forcing the protagonist to question their identity, beliefs, and sense of right and wrong.

• Ethical Challenges: The character must choose between doing what is right and what is easy, beneficial, or personally rewarding.

  • Example: A journalist discovers evidence that could expose a corrupt politician, but revealing it would also ruin an innocent person’s life.
  • Example: A scientist working for a pharmaceutical company must decide whether to expose unsafe drug trials, risking their career.

• Conflicting Loyalties: A character is torn between allegiances to different people, groups, or causes.

  • Example: A soldier must decide whether to follow orders or protect innocent civilians caught in a war zone.
  • Example: A detective investigating a crime learns that the prime suspect is their best friend.

• Value Conflicts: The character struggles between personal beliefs and external pressures or consequences.

  • Example: A pacifist is forced to consider violence to protect a loved one.
  • Example: A religious leader secretly questions their faith but fears disappointing their followers.

• Duty vs. Desire: The character must choose between their responsibilities and their personal happiness.

  • Example: A doctor working in an underserved community is offered a high-paying job abroad, but leaving would mean abandoning the patients who rely on them.
  • Example: A woman feels obligated to stay in a toxic marriage for the sake of her children but yearns for freedom.

Would you like to expand on other types of internal conflict, such as identity struggles or fear-based conflicts?

2. Personal Struggles:

1. Self-Doubt: Self-doubt is a pervasive struggle that can hold characters back, causing them to question their abilities, worth, or decisions. It often stems from fear of failure, comparison to others, or past experiences that diminished their confidence. Self-doubt can be paralyzing, leading characters to hesitate, avoid risks, or even sabotage themselves. However, it also provides a potent opportunity for growth. As characters face challenges that force them to push past self-doubt, they may discover hidden strengths, gain resilience, or find the courage to take risks despite their fears. This journey makes for a powerful arc, as the character learns to believe in themselves and their potential.
2. Identity Issues: Questions of identity often arise when characters struggle to understand who they truly are, whether in relation to family, society, culture, or personal values. These issues can lead to an internal crisis, as characters wrestle with conflicting aspects of themselves, such as balancing personal beliefs with societal expectations. This struggle may also involve the search for belonging, especially if the character feels alienated or “othered” in some way. Overcoming identity struggles often leads characters to a more authentic self, one that embraces complexity and accepts the value of their unique experiences. This journey toward self-discovery allows readers to explore themes of acceptance, individuality, and the courage to stand apart.
3. Past Trauma: Trauma from past experiences can shape a character’s present, affecting their relationships, decision-making, and view of the world. This struggle often manifests as unresolved pain, fears, or behaviors that prevent the character from moving forward. Whether it’s the aftermath of loss, betrayal, or violence, trauma becomes a shadow they carry, coloring their actions and outlook. However, addressing and working through past trauma allows characters to reclaim parts of themselves that have been lost or suppressed. The process of healing is not linear, often involving setbacks and difficult emotions, but it enables growth, resilience, and self-forgiveness. Readers connect deeply with characters on this journey, as it mirrors the universal struggle to overcome the weight of painful memories.
4. Internal Growth: Internal growth is the culmination of confronting self-doubt, identity issues, and past trauma. It reflects a character’s evolution as they learn from their experiences and make choices that align more closely with their true self. This struggle is often marked by moments of insight, self-compassion, and a willingness to change or let go of limiting beliefs. Internal growth can take many forms, such as learning to trust others, setting boundaries, or recognizing one’s own worth. This transformative journey gives the character a new perspective, guiding them toward a more empowered and fulfilled existence. For readers, witnessing a character’s internal growth is deeply satisfying, as it echoes the personal development we seek in our own lives.

Personal struggles are fundamental to character depth and make stories relatable, as they reflect the battles each of us faces internally. When characters confront these struggles, they grow, inspiring readers and adding authenticity to the narrative. Through self-doubt, identity issues, past trauma, and internal growth, characters evolve in ways that mirror the complexities of real life, creating a powerful connection with the reader.

Building and Maintaining Tension: Progressive Escalation

Tension keeps readers engaged by creating anticipation, uncertainty, and emotional investment in a story. Effective tension follows a natural progression, increasing in intensity and stakes as the narrative unfolds.

1. Start Small

In the early stages of a story, tension should be subtle but present. Introducing low-stakes conflicts establishes the foundation for future escalation.

• Begin with Manageable Conflicts: Introduce minor obstacles that hint at larger problems to come.

  • Example: A detective receives an anonymous letter about a missing person—at first, it seems like a simple case.
  • Example: A couple experiences minor misunderstandings that foreshadow deeper relationship issues.

• Establish Character Capabilities: Show what the protagonist can handle, allowing room for growth as the stakes rise.

  • Example: A rookie boxer wins his first fight against an average opponent, setting up future challenges against tougher rivals.
  • Example: A hacker successfully infiltrates a low-security system, but bigger jobs will demand more skill.

• Set Baseline Stakes: Define what’s at risk before intensifying conflicts.

  • Example: A family struggling financially can still make ends meet—but they’re one bad decision away from disaster.
  • Example: A political candidate faces mild opposition, but early debates hint at ruthless rivals waiting to strike.

2. Build Gradually

Once the foundation is set, tension should increase step by step, ensuring that challenges become more difficult and stakes feel increasingly dire.

• Layer New Challenges: Introduce complications that make existing problems worse.

  • Example: A missing person's case turns into a murder investigation.
  • Example: A woman keeping a secret pregnancy discovers her boyfriend is leaving town.

• Increase Difficulty: Each challenge should push the protagonist further outside their comfort zone.

  • Example: A fugitive evades capture once, but now the entire city is on high alert.
  • Example: A business owner struggling to pay rent faces an unexpected tax audit.

• Raise Stakes Systematically: Make the cost of failure more severe at each step.

  • Example: A small robbery escalates into a hostage situation.
  • Example: A politician running for office faces blackmail that could ruin their career—and their family’s future.

3. Peak at Critical Moments

Tension should reach its highest point at key turning points in the plot, delivering a satisfying and emotionally impactful climax.

• Align Maximum Tension with Plot Turning Points: Ensure the story’s most intense conflicts coincide with crucial moments.

  • Example: The protagonist finally confronts the villain, but just as they gain the upper hand, they realize their best friend has betrayed them.
  • Example: A lawyer’s client is about to be acquitted—until last-minute evidence changes everything.

• Create Memorable Climactic Scenes: Make high-stakes moments unforgettable by maximizing emotional and physical consequences.

  • Example: A character confesses their love, only to be rejected in the most public way possible.
  • Example: A heist crew’s perfectly planned escape is foiled by an unexpected double-cross.

• Deliver Emotional Payoff: Allow tension to explode in a way that rewards the reader’s emotional investment.

  • Example: A hero who has suffered injustice finally exposes the villain in front of the world.
  • Example: A character who has endured countless failures finally succeeds—but at a devastating cost.

By following this pattern of gradual tension-building, readers stay engaged, feeling the emotional weight of each development. Would you like to explore how different genres (e.g., horror, romance, mystery) apply these techniques uniquely?

Tension Maintenance Techniques

Maintaining tension throughout a story requires careful management of reader expectations, pacing, and uncertainty. These techniques ensure that tension doesn’t fizzle out but continues to build and evolve.

1. Foreshadowing

Foreshadowing is the subtle art of hinting at future conflicts, creating anticipation and anxiety before the full impact is felt.

• Plant Seeds of Future Conflicts: Small details, dialogue, or imagery can hint at upcoming dangers, making future twists feel earned rather than sudden.

  • Example: A character casually mentions a shortcut through the woods—only for it to become a life-or-death setting later.
  • Example: A detective notices an unusual watch on a suspect’s wrist, which later becomes the key to solving the case.

• Create Anticipation: Readers pick up on clues and start predicting possible outcomes, which builds suspense.

  • Example: A character repeatedly glances at their phone, avoiding a call—suggesting something ominous about what’s on the other end.
  • Example: A town elder warns travelers never to enter the lake at night, but refuses to say why.

• Build Reader Anxiety: Introduce elements that suggest something bad is coming, even if the characters don’t recognize the danger yet.

  • Example: A character hears an eerie sound in the attic but brushes it off—only for the real horror to reveal itself later.
  • Example: A nervous politician stammers during a speech, hinting that they have a secret that could ruin them.

2. Pacing Control

Tension thrives when the rhythm of the story is well-balanced. Too much action without breaks can exhaust the reader, while too little can make the story feel stagnant.

• Vary Scene Intensity: Alternate between high-intensity and lower-intensity scenes to give readers moments to breathe while maintaining suspense.

  • Example: A heart-pounding car chase is followed by a quiet conversation where the protagonist realizes they’ve been betrayed.
  • Example: After a heated argument, a character sits alone in silence, stewing in their unresolved emotions.

• Use Scene Length to Control Tension: Short, choppy scenes with quick cuts can heighten urgency, while longer, drawn-out scenes can deepen suspense.

  • Example: A horror story builds dread with long, atmospheric descriptions, then suddenly shifts to frantic, clipped sentences when the monster appears.
  • Example: A thriller switches to short, rapid chapters as a time-sensitive bomb countdown nears zero.

• Balance Action and Reflection: If a story is all high-stakes action, it loses emotional depth; if it’s all introspection, it loses momentum.

  • Example: A murder mystery alternates between detective work (action) and moments where the protagonist doubts themselves (reflection).
  • Example: A romantic drama balances heated arguments with quiet, emotionally charged moments of longing.

3. Information Management

Carefully controlling what readers and characters know can create suspense, surprise, and dramatic irony.

• Control What Readers Know: Reveal crucial information at the right moment to maximize tension.

  • Example: A character searching for a lost item doesn’t know it’s been stolen—but the reader does, making every clue they follow agonizingly misleading.
  • Example: A soldier receives a mysterious letter but doesn’t open it immediately, leaving the reader wondering what it says.

• Create Dramatic Irony: Let the audience know something that the characters do not, making scenes more intense.

  • Example: A reader knows a killer is hiding in the house, but the protagonist walks in unaware.
  • Example: A character happily prepares for a date, but the reader knows their lover has already left town.

• Use Uncertainty Strategically: Keeping readers in the dark about certain details makes them crave answers, sustaining tension.

  • Example: A thriller never reveals whether the protagonist’s friend is truly on their side until the final act.
  • Example: A horror novel hints at a supernatural force but never fully explains it, leaving the reader unsettled.

By combining foreshadowing, pacing control, and strategic information management, writers can sustain tension from the first page to the last. Would you like to explore how different genres apply these techniques uniquely?

Common Pitfalls to Avoid in Building Tension

Tension is a delicate balance—too much can overwhelm readers, while too little can make a story feel flat. Below are common pitfalls that can weaken a narrative and how to avoid them.

1. Conflict Overload

When a story introduces too many conflicts at once, it can overwhelm readers, dilute emotional impact, and make it difficult to track the core narrative.

• Too Many Simultaneous Conflicts: If multiple conflicts occur at the same time without clear focus, readers may feel lost or disengaged.

  • Example: A protagonist faces workplace drama, family problems, a criminal conspiracy, and a natural disaster all at once—without any clear prioritization.
  • Solution: Keep conflicts layered but manageable. Introduce them at different points rather than all at once.

• Overwhelming Complexity: Too many subplots can make a story feel bloated and slow down pacing.

  • Example: A mystery novel introduces ten suspects, each with their own backstory, motives, and secrets, making the main conflict hard to follow.
  • Solution: Streamline conflicts by prioritizing the most compelling ones and trimming unnecessary distractions.

• Loss of Focus: A story that constantly shifts between unrelated conflicts loses narrative momentum.

  • Example: A thriller starts with an intense heist but suddenly shifts focus to a romantic subplot for several chapters, making the central conflict feel secondary.
  • Solution: Every subplot should connect back to the main story and contribute to the protagonist’s arc.

2. Insufficient Stakes

Without meaningful stakes, tension deflates, and the audience loses interest.

• Trivial Consequences: If failure doesn’t result in significant loss, readers won’t feel invested.

  • Example: A character "risks everything" to get a job promotion, but if they fail, they simply apply elsewhere without major consequences.
  • Solution: Make stakes personal and impactful—failure should have real, lasting effects.

• Lack of Personal Investment: If the protagonist doesn’t care deeply about the outcome, neither will the reader.

  • Example: A soldier in battle shows no fear, regret, or inner conflict, making their struggle feel emotionally hollow.
  • Solution: Show how the conflict affects the protagonist on a deeper level—emotionally, psychologically, or morally.

• Easily Resolved Problems: If challenges are overcome too quickly or conveniently, tension disappears.

  • Example: A protagonist is cornered by an enemy but suddenly discovers an unlocked door and escapes effortlessly.
  • Solution: Ensure obstacles require struggle, sacrifice, or ingenuity to overcome.

3. Poor Escalation

Tension should build gradually—starting too big, failing to escalate, or delivering an anticlimactic resolution weakens the emotional payoff.

• Starting Too Big: If a story begins at maximum intensity, there’s nowhere to go, making later conflicts feel repetitive or underwhelming.

  • Example: A horror story opens with a brutal murder spree, leaving no room for dread or suspense to build.
  • Solution: Start with small but unsettling moments that build toward larger threats.

• Failing to Build: If conflict remains static, readers lose engagement.

  • Example: A detective chases a criminal but makes no real progress for most of the book, making the story feel stagnant.
  • Solution: Gradually raise the stakes—each new obstacle should be tougher than the last.

• Anticlimactic Resolution: A weak ending that resolves conflicts too easily or abruptly can frustrate readers.

  • Example: After a thrilling chase, the villain is caught offscreen without a final confrontation.
  • Solution: Ensure that major conflicts resolve in a way that delivers emotional and narrative satisfaction.

4. Artificial Tension

Tension should feel organic to the story—forced conflicts or unrealistic complications can break immersion.

• Forced Conflicts: Characters arguing or facing obstacles for no logical reason can make tension feel artificial.

  • Example: Two best friends suddenly have a falling out over a misunderstanding that could be cleared up with a single sentence.
  • Solution: Ensure conflicts arise naturally from character motivations, not just to create drama.

• Contrived Situations: If characters make obviously bad decisions just to create tension, it can feel frustrating rather than suspenseful.

  • Example: A horror movie character runs upstairs instead of out the front door when chased by a killer.
  • Solution: Make sure character choices are believable based on their personality, knowledge, and circumstances.

• Unrealistic Complications: Overly convenient obstacles can make the story feel manipulated.

  • Example: A character is about to escape when, suddenly, their car won’t start—even though it was working fine a moment ago.
  • Solution: Ensure setbacks make sense within the logic of the story.

Final Thoughts

Avoiding these pitfalls helps maintain organic, engaging, and meaningful tension throughout a story. Would you like to explore specific ways different genres handle tension, such as in horror, romance, or thrillers?

Guidelines for Effective Conflict

Effective conflict drives a story forward, deepens character development, and keeps readers engaged. The key is to make conflicts feel personal, believable, and well-balanced, whether at the scene, story, or series level.

1. Make It Personal

The most compelling conflicts resonate emotionally because they are tied to a character’s desires, fears, and values.

• Connect Conflicts to Character Goals: Every challenge should test what the protagonist wants or believes.

  • Example: A lawyer fighting for justice discovers the defendant is a childhood friend, forcing them to choose between morality and loyalty.

• Create Emotional Investment: Readers should care about the conflict because the character does.

  • Example: A firefighter’s struggle isn’t just about surviving a fire—it’s about saving the person they couldn’t save in the past.

• Establish Clear Motivations: Both sides of a conflict should have understandable reasons for their actions.

  • Example: In a corporate rivalry, both executives believe they are protecting their company’s future, making the struggle nuanced rather than one-dimensional.

2. Keep It Believable

Even in fantasy or speculative fiction, conflict must feel grounded within the story’s internal logic.

• Ground Conflicts in Story Logic: Conflicts should arise naturally from character choices, world-building, and established stakes.

  • Example: A detective in a corrupt city must be careful whom they trust—not because the author wants suspense, but because the world is truly dangerous.

• Maintain Consistent Rules: Set clear boundaries for how conflicts work and stick to them.

  • Example: In a magic system, if a spell can only be cast once per day, the protagonist shouldn’t suddenly break that rule for convenience.

• Create Realistic Obstacles: Avoid easy solutions that deflate tension.

  • Example: A hero locked in a cell shouldn’t escape simply because the guard “forgot to lock the door.”

3. Balance Resolution

Not every conflict should be won immediately—setbacks and partial victories make the resolution more satisfying.

• Allow Some Victories: Small wins keep the protagonist motivated and prevent total despair.

  • Example: A struggling musician lands a small gig but still needs to prove themselves for a record deal.

• Create Setbacks: Characters should face failures that force them to adapt.

  • Example: A hacker successfully infiltrates a system, only to trigger an alarm that exposes their identity.

• Build Toward a Satisfying Conclusion: The final resolution should feel earned, not convenient.

  • Example: A long-time fugitive finally proves their innocence, but only after risking their life to uncover the truth.

Practical Applications of Conflict

Scene-Level Conflict

At the micro level, every scene should have some form of tension, even in quieter moments.

• Open with Clear Tension: Establish stakes quickly.

  • Example: A cop walks into a tense negotiation with an armed suspect—time is running out.

• Maintain Opposition Throughout: The conflict should sustain momentum.

  • Example: Two characters argue, each refusing to back down, revealing deeper issues beyond the surface disagreement.

• End with a Changed Situation: Either the conflict escalates, a resolution is reached, or a new complication arises.

  • Example: A thief attempts to steal a priceless artifact but accidentally triggers an alarm, setting up the next scene.

Story-Level Conflict

The primary conflicts should be structured across the entire narrative, leading to climactic moments.

• Structure Major Conflicts Across the Narrative: Each act should build upon the last.

  • Example: In a romance novel, the couple’s first disagreement in Act 1 seems minor, but by Act 3, it’s the core of their emotional climax.

• Build Toward Climactic Moments: The intensity should gradually increase.

  • Example: A mystery novel starts with a missing person case but escalates to uncovering a city-wide conspiracy.

• Create a Satisfying Resolution: The final act should address the central conflict meaningfully.

  • Example: A hero’s journey isn’t just about defeating the villain—it’s about resolving their inner doubts and growing as a person.

Series-Level Conflict

For multi-book series or episodic stories, conflict must balance short-term resolutions with long-term tension.

• Develop Overarching Tensions: While each installment has its own conflicts, larger struggles persist across the series.

  • Example: A fantasy series features different battles, but the protagonist’s ultimate goal is reclaiming their homeland.

• Balance Episode and Series Arcs: Individual stories should feel complete while contributing to a larger narrative.

  • Example: A detective series may resolve each case in a single book while building an ongoing personal mystery about the protagonist’s past.

• Maintain Long-Term Stakes: Characters should evolve across the series, with conflicts escalating rather than resetting.

  • Example: A political thriller’s protagonist starts as a local activist but gradually takes on national corruption, raising the stakes with each book.

Final Thoughts

By making conflict personal, believable, and well-paced, writers can craft gripping stories that hold emotional weight. Would you like specific exercises on crafting conflict for different genres or character dynamics?

In conclusion, effective conflict is the cornerstone of engaging storytelling. By carefully building and maintaining tension through escalating stakes, clear opposition, and emotional investment, writers can create compelling narratives that keep readers invested from beginning to end. Remember that conflict should serve the story and characters, not overshadow them, and should always drive toward meaningful resolution.

Conflict is the engine that drives storytelling forward. Without it, stories become mere sequences of events, lacking the emotional investment that keeps readers engaged. At its heart, conflict creates the necessary tension that makes readers care about what happens next.

The Art of Vivid Storytelling: Making Every Word Paint a Picture

 

The Art of Vivid Storytelling: Making Every Word Paint a Picture

By Olivia Salter

The difference between telling readers "the old house was scary" and making them feel the crumbling bricks beneath their fingers lies in the power of imagery. Strong imagery transforms passive readers into active participants, pulling them deep into your fictional world through their senses. Let's explore how to craft prose that doesn't just tell a story, but creates an immersive experience.

Choose Words That Do Double Duty

Every word in your story should earn its place by performing multiple functions. Instead of writing "she walked quickly," consider "she darted" or "she prowled." These verbs not only convey movement but also suggest emotion, intention, and character. The careful selection of verbs, nouns, and adjectives can layer meaning while keeping your prose tight and impactful.

Consider these contrasts:

❌️ Weak: The man was angry and walked into the room.

✅️ Strong: He stormed through the doorway, his shoulders hunched like storm clouds.

The second version not only shows anger but creates a visual metaphor that extends the imagery while revealing character.

Engage All Five Senses

While visual descriptions often dominate fiction, the most memorable scenes engage multiple senses. When describing a bakery, don't stop at the gleaming display cases and golden croissants. Include the warm, yeasty air, the crisp crackle of fresh bread crust, the buttery richness on the tongue, and the cool marble countertop beneath waiting elbows.

Each sense should contribute to the scene's mood and meaning:

❌️ Weak: It was a beautiful spring day.

✅️ Strong: Cherry blossoms perfumed the air, their pale petals tick-tick-ticking against the windowpane like nature's own Morse code.

Use Specific, Concrete Details

Abstract concepts leave readers floating in uncertainty. Anchor them with specific details that create instant mental pictures. Instead of "many books," write "leather-bound volumes stacked three deep." Rather than "old furniture," describe "a Victorian fainting couch with moth-eaten velvet and one missing brass claw."

These details should pull their weight in characterization or mood:

❌️ Weak: The kitchen was messy.

✅️ Strong: Unwashed coffee cups formed a ceramic army across the counter, their brown rings marking time like tree stumps.

Create Emotional Resonance

The strongest imagery connects physical details to emotional impact. When describing a scene, consider how the details reflect or contrast with the emotional state of your viewpoint character. A character in grief might notice how autumn leaves "bleed" their colors, while a character in love might see the same leaves "dancing" on the wind.

Layer Your Imagery

Build descriptions in layers that deepen meaning. Start with the immediate and obvious, then move to deeper observations that reveal character insight:

❌️ Weak: The garden was abandoned and overgrown.

✅️ Strong: Rosebushes had devoured the garden path, their thorns guarding secrets beneath decades of growth. Through gaps in the green chaos, glimpses of ordered beds still showed—echoes of someone's careful planning now run wild with nature's own designs.

Use Fresh Eyes

Avoid clichéd imagery that readers have encountered countless times. Instead of "cold as ice," consider what your specific character would compare coldness to, based on their experiences and personality. A chef might think "cold as the walk-in freezer at midnight," while a street kid might think "cold as a cop's stare."

Economy of Language

While vivid imagery is crucial, it must be balanced with pacing. Not every object needs detailed description—focus on the elements that matter to the story or reveal character. A single well-chosen detail can do more work than a paragraph of description:

❌️ Weak: The office was very corporate and professional with lots of expensive furniture and art.

✅️ Strong: The brushed steel desk could have doubled as an aircraft carrier.

Conclusion

Strong imagery transforms telling into showing, creating a vivid experience that readers won't forget. By choosing powerful words, engaging all senses, using specific details, creating emotional connections, and keeping descriptions fresh and economical, you can craft stories that don't just communicate—they transport.

Remember: in fiction, the goal isn't to describe everything, but to select the perfect details that will spark readers' imaginations and bring your story to life. Make every word count, and your readers won't just read your story—they'll live it.

The Power of Misaligned Goals: A Simple Tip for Crafting Conflict in Fiction

 

The Power of Misaligned Goals: A Simple Tip for Crafting Conflict in Fiction

By Olivia Salter

Conflict is the lifeblood of fiction. Without it, stories stagnate, and readers lose engagement. One of the most effective and dynamic ways to create conflict is by introducing a misalignment of goals between characters. This technique not only generates tension but also propels the narrative forward, forcing characters into actions and decisions that drive the plot.

What is a Misalignment of Goals?

A misalignment of goals occurs when characters have conflicting desires or objectives, causing them to directly oppose one another within the same scene. This doesn’t always have to be a dramatic, life-or-death situation. The conflict can be subtle, internal, or emotional—what matters is that the characters’ wants clash.

For example, imagine a scene where two characters are trapped in a room. One character is desperate to escape, while the other is determined to keep them inside, perhaps out of fear, jealousy, or a darker motivation. This simple misalignment of goals creates an immediate sense of conflict, building tension as the characters vie for control of the situation. The conflict in this case isn’t necessarily physical, but emotional or psychological.

Subtle vs. Overt Misalignments

Misalignments can be either subtle or overt, depending on the tone and stakes of your story. An overt misalignment occurs when the goals are clear and immediately noticeable—perhaps a character wants to break free from captivity, while another is actively preventing them from doing so. In contrast, a subtle misalignment might involve two characters desiring the same outcome, but for different reasons or with different methods. One might want freedom from a toxic relationship, while the other wishes to preserve it, albeit for selfish reasons, like avoiding loneliness.

Both types of conflict add richness to the narrative, but the key is ensuring that the misalignment isn’t too obvious at first glance. The tension arises when the audience realizes that two seemingly cooperative characters actually have very different desires.

Internal vs. External Conflicts

While the external misalignment (e.g., one character physically restraining another) is more immediate and easy to recognize, internal conflicts can also serve as powerful tools for pushing the narrative forward. Take a character who has internalized their desire to escape a harmful situation, yet feels a deep moral obligation to protect the person keeping them trapped. The conflict here doesn’t stem from an external force but from within the character’s own psyche. This internal struggle can be just as compelling as physical or verbal confrontations, providing a nuanced layer to your storytelling.

The Push Toward Decision-Making

When characters have conflicting goals, they are pushed into making decisions—sometimes difficult ones—that force them to reveal their true nature. A character desperate for freedom might resort to betrayal to escape, while another might escalate their controlling behavior in the face of resistance. These decisions not only intensify the conflict but also develop the characters, as their choices reflect deeper aspects of their personalities, fears, and desires.

Moreover, misaligned goals create stakes that make every action feel significant. If both characters are fighting for something they believe is crucial, the tension surrounding their actions will be felt by the reader, who is invested in seeing how the conflict resolves.

Building Conflict Through Dialogue and Action

Misaligned goals are often most effective when they are communicated through both dialogue and action. A heated exchange can quickly reveal a character’s desires and fears, but it’s through the choices they make and the actions they take that the conflict becomes tangible. Does the character push through with determination, or do they hesitate, torn by inner conflict? Do they deceive or manipulate to get what they want, or do they try to negotiate their way to a solution?

Ultimately, the friction created by conflicting goals forces characters into decisions that shape the story's direction, leading to resolutions that are earned rather than convenient.

In conclusion, a misalignment of goals is a powerful tool for creating tension and conflict in fiction. Whether subtle or overt, internal or external, it forces characters to confront their desires, make tough decisions, and take action that keeps the narrative moving. When used effectively, this technique not only propels the plot forward but also deepens the emotional stakes, creating a more engaging and dynamic story. So, when you’re building a scene, consider the goals of your characters—are they aligned, or are they on a collision course? The resulting conflict could be the key to taking your narrative to the next level.

Clashing Goals: The Power of Misaligned Desires in Fictional Conflict

 

Clashing Goals: The Power of Misaligned Desires in Fictional Conflict

By Olivia Salter

Conflict is the beating heart of fiction, and one of the most effective ways to create it is by introducing a misalignment of goals between characters. This technique transforms even mundane scenarios into tension-filled scenes that captivate readers and push the story forward.

Why Misalignment Works

At its core, storytelling thrives on friction. A misalignment of goals naturally fosters this friction, pitting characters against one another in ways that are emotionally resonant and narratively rich. When characters want different things—or worse, directly opposing things—it forces them to make choices, often under pressure. These choices, in turn, reveal deeper truths about their personalities, motivations, and relationships.

How to Use Misalignment Effectively

The beauty of this approach lies in its versatility. Misalignment can range from subtle misunderstandings to outright opposition, depending on the needs of your story. Here’s how you can apply this technique:

1. Opposing Desires

Imagine a scene where a young woman, Sophia, is desperate to leave a toxic relationship. Her partner, Daniel, sensing her growing independence, orchestrates a moment to plead for reconciliation. Sophia’s goal is escape; Daniel’s goal is control. The clash of their desires drives the scene’s tension.

2. Misunderstood Intentions

Not all misalignments need to be overt. Perhaps two best friends, Erin and Jasmine, plan a camping trip. Erin sees it as a chance to relax and bond, while Jasmine secretly hopes to confront Erin about an old betrayal. The misaligned expectations simmer beneath the surface until the tension boils over.

3. Layered Goals in Action-Driven Scenes

In a fast-paced, high-stakes scenario, layered misalignments can heighten suspense. Picture a group of survivors trapped in a sinking ship. One character insists on retrieving vital supplies, while another demands immediate evacuation. Each action taken to achieve their goals affects the group and the overall narrative.

Balancing Subtlety and Drama

While overt clashes are easier to identify, subtle misalignments can be equally compelling. For example, two characters might share the same end goal—say, to save a loved one—but disagree on the methods to achieve it. This nuanced conflict not only deepens characterization but also keeps readers engaged as they root for both sides.

Why It Propels the Narrative

Conflict rooted in misaligned goals is inherently dynamic. It pushes characters to act, react, and make decisions, all of which drive the plot forward. Moreover, these moments of tension create opportunities for growth, resolution, or even further discord, adding layers of complexity to the story.

Conclusion

In fiction, every scene should serve a purpose, and conflict is a surefire way to ensure it does. By weaving misaligned goals into your narrative, you can create scenes that pulse with tension, challenge your characters, and keep your readers hooked. Whether subtle or overt, internal or external, this technique is a powerful tool for enriching your storytelling arsenal.

Crafting Conflict and Change: The Backbone of Compelling Fiction

 

Crafting Conflict and Change: The Backbone of Compelling Fiction

By Olivia Salter

Conflict and change are the twin pillars that give fiction its dynamic edge, driving stories forward and giving readers a reason to care. For any story to feel engaging, its characters and narrative must face some form of opposition and transformation, creating an arc that feels real and satisfying. Here, we'll explore how conflict and change interplay to shape memorable characters, deepen plots, and deliver emotional impact.

Understanding Conflict: The Heartbeat of Plot

Conflict is more than just fights or disagreements; it's the tension that pushes characters out of their comfort zones and forces them to make hard choices. In fiction, conflict can be internal, where a character struggles with their emotions, fears, or desires, or external, where they face obstacles in the world around them. Great stories often balance both, giving readers a layered experience that resonates on multiple levels.

Types of Conflict in Fiction

1. Character vs. Self: This internal struggle can range from self-doubt to guilt, often serving as the foundation for deep, introspective narratives. It is essential in character-driven stories, as it reveals a character's motivations and vulnerabilities.
2. Character vs. Character: External conflicts between individuals can create high-stakes drama, whether through rivalries, romantic tensions, or moral clashes. These conflicts often challenge each character's beliefs, leading them to change or reinforce their values.
3. Character vs. Society: When a character faces societal pressures, norms, or injustices, they must decide whether to conform or rebel. This type of conflict often reflects real-world issues and is especially potent in stories tackling social justice or personal freedom.
4. Character vs. Nature: This primal conflict pits characters against elements beyond their control—natural disasters, wild environments, or even supernatural forces. These conflicts test a character's survival instincts and resilience.
5. Character vs. Fate or the Supernatural: This type introduces an existential element, where characters confront forces beyond their understanding or control. Whether fate, destiny, or supernatural beings, these conflicts can lead to profound change as characters grapple with their sense of purpose or belief.

Change: The Transformative Power of Conflict

While conflict creates tension, it’s the resulting change that provides a story's true impact. Without change, conflict feels static and unfulfilled. Change shows that characters grow, adapt, or even regress due to the challenges they face. It’s this transformation that makes stories meaningful, as readers witness the protagonist's journey.

Crafting Meaningful Change in Characters

1. Arc Development: Consider how your protagonist’s views or behaviors evolve throughout the story. A well-crafted arc doesn’t necessarily mean that characters always become “better” people, but it does mean they leave the story differently than they entered it.
2. Pacing Change with Conflict: Effective pacing allows readers to witness gradual transformations, making the change feel earned rather than sudden. This approach gives weight to the character’s journey, with each conflict pushing them closer to a resolution or revelation.
3. Emotional Resonance: Change should connect emotionally with readers. When a character’s transformation is authentic, readers can empathize, especially if they’ve experienced similar internal or external conflicts. To create this resonance, writers should give their characters relatable motives, fears, and desires.
4. Subverting Expectations: Not all change is positive, and sometimes the most powerful stories end with bittersweet or tragic transformations. When a character’s journey defies expectations, it can provoke deeper thought and leave a lasting impression.

Balancing Conflict and Change in Fiction Writing

Finding the balance between conflict and change is crucial. Too much conflict without meaningful change can make a story feel repetitive, while too much change without sufficient conflict may seem unearned. Here are some tips to help you strike the right balance:

• Tie Conflict to Character Goals: Every conflict should connect to what the character wants or fears most. This creates urgency and makes each struggle matter, giving readers a stake in the outcome.
• Use Subplots to Reinforce Change: Subplots can mirror or contrast the main storyline, offering alternate views on the protagonist’s journey. This technique enriches the narrative, providing depth and allowing characters to experience multiple layers of change.
• End with a Resolution: Whether it’s a happy ending, a lesson learned, or an unresolved tension, provide closure by showing how the conflicts and changes shape your characters. Even open-ended stories benefit from showing the effects of the journey.

Examples of Conflict and Change in Fiction

In The Great Gatsby, the conflict centers on Jay Gatsby’s love for Daisy Buchanan and his desire to reclaim a lost past. This creates tension as Gatsby’s dreams clash with the harsh realities of class and privilege. By the story’s end, Gatsby’s character has changed, albeit tragically, reflecting his unrelenting but flawed idealism.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch’s internal conflict is her innocent worldview clashing with the harsh realities of racial injustice in her community. Through witnessing the trial of Tom Robinson and her father’s stand for justice, Scout’s character undergoes a profound transformation, learning about empathy, prejudice, and morality.

Conclusion

Conflict and change are inseparable elements in compelling fiction. Together, they create a powerful synergy that drives character growth, plot progression, and emotional engagement. As a writer, understanding how to craft and balance these forces will allow you to create stories that resonate long after the last page. By thoughtfully developing conflicts and meaningful changes, you can elevate your writing, making it both impactful and unforgettable.

Ad Hominem Attacks on Your Protagonist: Crafting Conflict Through Character

In the realm of fiction writing, conflict is the heartbeat of a compelling narrative, and one of the most effective ways to introduce conflict is through the use of ad hominem attacks directed at your protagonist. These personal attacks not only serve to challenge your main character but also deepen the reader's engagement and investment in the story.

Understanding Ad Hominem Attacks

Ad hominem, a Latin term meaning "to the person," refers to a fallacy in argumentation where an attack is made on an individual's character rather than addressing the argument or issue at hand. In fiction, this translates to characters undermining your protagonist's credibility, morality, or capability through insults or personal accusations. Such attacks can be verbal, as in heated arguments, or implicit, conveyed through gossip and societal judgment.

Establishing Conflict and Tension

When your protagonist faces ad hominem attacks, it creates immediate tension and stakes. These attacks can arise from various sources: antagonists aiming to undermine the protagonist’s confidence, peers who feel threatened by their abilities, or even allies who express doubt in a moment of vulnerability. This tension can lead to significant character development, as your protagonist must confront their flaws, insecurities, and the perceptions of others.

For example, in a workplace drama, a character might face criticism from a co-worker who questions their competence based on a past mistake rather than their current performance. This not only creates conflict but provides an opportunity for the protagonist to demonstrate growth and resilience in the face of adversity.

Developing Character Depth

Ad hominem attacks also serve to enrich character depth. By exploring how your protagonist reacts to these attacks, you reveal their true nature, motivations, and vulnerabilities. Do they crumble under pressure, or do they rise to the challenge? This exploration can lead to powerful moments of self-discovery and transformation.

Additionally, these attacks can serve to illuminate the values and flaws of other characters. If a character resorts to ad hominem attacks, it may reveal their own insecurities and unaddressed issues, creating a layered dynamic between characters and enriching the narrative.

Encouraging Reader Empathy

When readers witness your protagonist enduring personal attacks, they often feel a sense of empathy and connection. These moments can evoke sympathy, drawing readers closer to the character as they navigate the turmoil. By portraying the protagonist's struggles, you invite readers to experience their journey authentically, fostering a deeper emotional investment in the story.

Conclusion: Weaving Ad Hominem Attacks into Your Narrative

Incorporating ad hominem attacks into your narrative can be a powerful tool for developing conflict, depth, and reader engagement. By carefully crafting these moments, you can challenge your protagonist while also providing opportunities for growth and resilience. Remember, the goal is not just to create conflict for conflict's sake but to use it as a means of exploring character and driving the narrative forward. Embrace the complexity of human interaction, and watch your story come alive as your protagonist confronts adversity head-on.

Also see:

• Craft: Ad Hominem Attacks on Your Protagonist

Writing Craft: Ad Hominem Attacks on Your Protagonist (Advanced Fiction Writing)

 

Craft: Ad Hominem Attacks on Your Protagonist

by Randy Ingermanson

Advanced Fiction Writing 

The protagonist of your novel is going to face obstacles. A lot of obstacles. Of all different types. 

The exact kinds of obstacles will depend on what kind of novel you’re writing. This month, we’ll talk about one particular kind of obstacle that most of us face often in real life. But I can’t recall ever seeing it discussed before in a book on fiction writing.

This particular obstacle is called an “ad hominem” attack.

What’s an Ad Hominem Attack?

Rather than tell you, I’ll show you by giving an example. If you took geometry in high school, then you learned something called the “Pythagorean theorem.” This is a theorem about triangles that is said to have been first proved by Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician who lived in the sixth century BC. 

We don’t know who actually discovered this theorem, but let’s pretend it really was Pythagoras, as the legends say. Let’s imagine that he wanted to tell his friends about it. And let’s pretend that his friends threw up all sorts of objections to his new theorem. Here’s how the dialogue might have gone:

Pythagoras: “I’ve discovered this amazing theorem. Take any right triangle on a plane. If you add up the squares of the lengths of the two short sides, you get the same number as the square of the length of the long side.”

Friend 1: “Your theorem is false because you’re an Egyptian, and all Egyptians are idiots.”

Pythagoras: “I’m not an Egyptian! But even if I was, that has nothing to do with whether my theorem is true.”

Friend 2: “Your theorem is false because you’re a Greek, and all Greeks are liars.”

Pythagoras: “Yes, I’m a Greek, but that still has nothing to do with whether my theorem is true.”

Friend 3: “Your theorem is false because you are gullible and easily fooled into believing false theorems.”

Pythagoras: “Even if I were gullible, you would still have to prove my theorem is false. Gullible people can believe true things.”

Friend 4: “Your theorem is false because you have a bad motive. You always wanted to become famous by discovering some deep mathematical theorem.”

Pythagoras: “Yes, I’ve always wanted to become famous by discovering some deep mathematical theorem, and now I will because my theorem is very deep and it’s also true. A theorem does not become false merely because I have impure motives.”

Friend 5: “Your theorem is false because you have a bad motive. You hope to use this theorem to short-weight your scales so you can cheat your customers.”

Pythagoras: “No, that’s a lie. But I won’t waste time refuting your malicious attack, because your lie is irrelevant. A theorem does not become false merely because I have impure motives. But your lie tells me something about how your mind works—your first reaction to my theorem is to tie it in to cheating people. I won’t be buying figs from you in the future.”

Friend 6: “Your theorem is false because you believe in transmigration of souls, which is a stupid idea. If you were wrong once, you are wrong every time.” 

Pythagoras: “I might be wrong on transmigration of souls and still be right about my theorem. Being wrong once does not prove I am wrong every time. Just look at the proof of my theorem and you must agree it’s true.”

Friends 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6: “We don’t have to look at your proof because we already gave good arguments that your theorem is false.”

Pythagoras: “All your arguments are arguments against ME, rather than arguments against my theorem. Your arguments are irrelevant. My theorem stands on its own, whether I’m flawed or not.”

And that’s the nature of an ad hominem attack. “Ad hominem” is Latin for “to the man” and it means that an argument is aimed at a person, rather than being aimed at what the person is saying.

Each of the friends chose a different kind of ad hominem attack on Pythagoras. Some of their attacks were actually true. Some were false. But it doesn’t matter whether an ad hominem attack is true or false, because it’s irrelevant to the question of whether the actual theorem is true or false. 

A theorem is true or false on its own merits. A person’s national origin, personality traits, motives, and past history have NOTHING to do with the theorem’s truth.

What Does This Have to Do With Fiction?

Ad hominem attacks are one way of deflecting an argument away from ideas. An ad hominem attack throws mud on a person, with the hope of also throwing mud on that person’s ideas. And fiction often involves exactly that.

Are you writing a murder mystery? There’s an objective question to be answered here—which suspect is the killer? The detective needs to answer that question. When the detective starts getting close, he or she is likely to be hit with an ad hominem attack to deflect attention from the facts.

Are you writing a legal thriller? The defendant is either guilty or innocent. That’s the objective question to be answered. The defendant’s lawyer may be getting paid lots of money to defend the client. The lawyer may be grandstanding to make a name for himself. Those aren’t great motives, but they don’t prove the defendant is guilty. If the prosecutor has a weak case, they may make an ad hominem attack to muddy the defense in the jury’s eyes.

Are you writing a spy novel or a political thriller or a military novel? Your protagonist will face hard questions. Getting the wrong answer will have huge consequences. There is a right answer and a wrong answer, even if nobody knows which is which. Your protagonist is (hopefully) trying to find the right answer. And on his way, it’s very likely that he’s going to get hit with ad hominem attacks. 

The reason ad hominem attacks are common in real life is because they’re easy. And because they work.

Dealing With an Ad Hominem Attack

How is your character supposed to deal with an ad hominem attack?

It’s very natural to get angry when somebody goes ad hominem on you. It’s natural, but it doesn’t solve the problem.

I’ve seen ad hominem attacks many times over the years, sometimes coming at me and sometimes directed at other people. There’s a wrong way and a right way to answer them.

The wrong way is to fight fire with fire. If somebody makes an ad hominem attack on you, you can’t respond with an ad hominem attack back on them. That’s lame and drags you down to their level and it confuses the issue.

The right way is to unconfuse the issue. There are three steps to this:

1. Start by saying clearly that they’ve made an ad hominem attack. You may have to define what ad hominem means, because not everybody knows this term.
2. Then point out that ad hominem attacks are just a way of deflecting the argument from logic and evidence. It’s a sign that the other guy’s case is weak. But it’s not proof the other guy is wrong. The only way to prove the other guy is wrong is to go back to logic and evidence. 
3. Then go back to logic and evidence and make your case. (If the only thing you can say is that the other guy is making an ad hominem argument, then you yourself have fallen into an ad hominem argument. But if you also have logic and evidence on your side, then pointing out that the other guy has gone ad hominem is the only practical way to get things back on track.)

This actually works in real life. And it works in fiction. It works in fiction BECAUSE it works in real life.

Fiction is all about conflict, and conflict isn’t always a fair fight. I’m hoping your protagonist fights fair, but I’m guessing your villain doesn’t. Which makes ad hominem attacks a very useful tool for adding conflict to your fiction. 

Homework

Think of a time in your own life when someone used an ad hominem attack against you. 

How did it feel? That’s how your characters should feel when they come under a personal attack.

Why was the ad hominem attack irrelevant? Were you able to explain at the time why it was irrelevant? Did you eventually bring the argument back to logic and evidence?

Think of a time in your own life when you used an ad hominem attack on someone else. (Not trying to make you feel guilty here, but the odds are good that you’ve done it. Most people have. It’s only human.)

Why did you sink to that level? Did you know at the time that your attack was irrelevant? Did it work anyway? How do you feel about it now? That’s how your villains might feel when they make a personal attack on the protagonist in your novel.

Also see:

• Ad Hominem Attacks on Your Protagonist: Crafting Conflict Through Character

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About The Author

Randy Ingermanson is a theoretical physicist and the award-winning author of six novels. He has taught at numerous writing conferences over the years and publishes the free monthly Advanced Fiction Writing E-zine.

 

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